{"id":10170,"date":"2013-04-08T00:01:35","date_gmt":"2013-04-08T04:01:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=10170"},"modified":"2014-03-21T11:17:42","modified_gmt":"2014-03-21T15:17:42","slug":"ge-industry-practice-of-stacking-insecticides-called-into-question-by-researchers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2013\/04\/ge-industry-practice-of-stacking-insecticides-called-into-question-by-researchers\/","title":{"rendered":"GE Industry Practice of \u201cStacking\u201d Insecticides Called into Question by Researchers"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0(Beyond Pesticides, <\/em>April 8, 2013)<\/em> \u00a0Given the rise of targeted plant and animal pests that are resistant to the tactics of the biotechnology industry<\/a>, companies that produce genetically engineered (GE) crops have begun producing plants with \u201cstacked\u201d traits. For herbicide resistant<\/a> crops, this means adding traits that incorporate crop resistance to increasingly dangerous and toxic chemicals, such as 2,4-D,<\/a> a major component in the Vietnam-era herbicide Agent Orange. For crops engineered to produce their own natural insecticide, namely the toxin Bacillus thuringiensis,<\/a><\/i> this means adding new formulations of the bacterium. Although this practice is widely considered acceptable and effective by the biotechnology industry, a new study from the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, published in the journal PNAS,<\/i> casts doubt on this assumption.<\/p>\n

Most scientists assume that two-toxin plants will be more durable than one-toxin plants. The extent of the advantage of the pyramid strategy, however, rests on assumptions that are not always met, the study reports. “The pyramid strategy has been touted mostly on the basis of simulation models,” said Yves Carri\u00e8re, PhD, lead author of the study. “We tested the underlying assumptions of the models in lab experiments with a major pest of corn and cotton.\u201d<\/p>\n

One critical assumption of the pyramid strategy is that the crops provide redundant killing, Dr. Carri\u00e8re explains. \u201cRedundant killing can be achieved by plants producing two toxins that act in different ways to kill the same pest,\u201d he says, \u201cso, if an individual pest has resistance to one toxin, the other toxin will kill it.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the real world, things are a bit more complicated, Dr. Carri\u00e8re\u2019s team documented. \u201cWe obviously can\u2019t release resistant insects into the field, so we breed them in the lab and bring in the crop plants to do feeding experiments,\u201d Dr. Carri\u00e8re says. For their experiments, the group collected cotton bollworm \u201d\u201dalso known as corn earworm or Helicoverpa zea<\/em>\u201d\u201d a \u00a0species of moth that is a major agricultural pest, and selected it for resistance against one of the Bt toxins, Cry1Ac. In 2008, researchers found the first evidence of resistance<\/a> in the cotton bollworm only 7 years after the GE crop was first introduced.<\/p>\n

Researchers assumed that caterpillars resistant to the first Bt toxin would survive on one-toxin plants, but die when consuming two-toxin plants because they had not yet developed resistance to the new formulation. As Dr. Carri\u00e8re explains, \u201c[O]n the two-toxin plants, the caterpillars selected for resistance to one toxin survived significantly better than caterpillars from a susceptible strain.”<\/p>\n

These findings show that the crucial assumption of redundant killing does not apply in this case and may also explain the reports indicating some field populations of cotton bollworm rapidly evolved resistance to both toxins.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the team’s analysis of published data from eight species of pests reveals that some degree of cross-resistance between Cry1 and Cry2 toxins occurred in 19 of 21 experiments. Contradicting the concept of redundant killing, cross-resistance means that selection with one toxin increases resistance to the other toxin.<\/p>\n

According to the study’s authors, even low levels of cross-resistance can reduce redundant killing and undermine the pyramid strategy. Dr. Carri\u00e8re explained that this is especially problematic with cotton bollworm and some other pests that are not highly susceptible to Bt toxins to begin with.<\/p>\n

The team found violations of other assumptions required for optimal success of the pyramid strategy. In particular, inheritance of resistance to plants producing only Bt toxin Cry1Ac was dominant, which is expected to reduce the ability of refuges to delay resistance.<\/p>\n

Refuges consist of standard plants that do not make Bt toxins and thus allow survival of susceptible pests. Under ideal conditions, inheritance of resistance is not dominant and the susceptible pests emerging from refuges greatly outnumber the resistant pests. If so, the matings between two resistant pests needed to produce resistant offspring are unlikely. But if inheritance of resistance is dominant, as seen with cotton bollworm, matings between a resistant moth and a susceptible moth can produce resistant offspring, which hastens resistance.<\/p>\n

Bruce Tabashnik, PhD, coauthor of the study explains that optimistic assumptions by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have led to greatly reduced requirements for planting refuges to slow evolution of pest resistance to two-toxin Bt crops. As Dr. Carri\u00e8re explains, “We need more empirical data to refine our simulation models, optimize our strategies and really know how much refuge area is required. Meanwhile, let’s not assume that the pyramid strategy is a silver bullet.”<\/p>\n

Pest resistance is an inherent part of pesticide use. Farmers do not have to remain stuck on a pesticide treadmill that demands ever greater amounts of synthetic inputs and rewards chemical suppliers at the expense of farm profitability and the environment. A better option is to adopt organic agricultural practices<\/a>, an ecologically-based management system that prioritizes cultural, biological, and mechanical production and natural inputs. By strengthening on-farm resources, such as soil fertility, pasture and biodiversity, organic farmers can minimize and even avoid the production challenges that chemical inputs such as synthetic pesticides, fertilizers and antibiotics are marketed as solving.<\/p>\n

Source: University of Arizona Press Release<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0(Beyond Pesticides, April 8, 2013) \u00a0Given the rise of targeted plant and animal pests that are resistant to the tactics of the biotechnology industry, companies that produce genetically engineered (GE) crops have begun producing plants with \u201cstacked\u201d traits. For herbicide resistant crops, this means adding traits that incorporate crop resistance to increasingly dangerous and toxic chemicals, such as 2,4-D, a major component in the Vietnam-era herbicide Agent Orange. For crops engineered to produce their own natural insecticide, namely the toxin Bacillus thuringiensis, this means adding new formulations of the bacterium. Although this practice is widely considered acceptable and effective by the biotechnology industry, a new study from the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, published in the journal PNAS, casts doubt on this assumption. Most scientists assume that two-toxin plants will be more durable than one-toxin plants. The extent of the advantage of the pyramid strategy, however, rests on assumptions that are not always met, the study reports. “The pyramid strategy has been touted mostly on the basis of simulation models,” said Yves Carri\u00e8re, PhD, lead author of the study. “We tested the underlying assumptions of the models in lab experiments with a major pest of corn […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89,18,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10170","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-24-d","category-bt","category-genetic-engineering"],"yoast_head":"\nGE Industry Practice of \u201cStacking\u201d Insecticides Called into Question by Researchers - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2013\/04\/ge-industry-practice-of-stacking-insecticides-called-into-question-by-researchers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GE Industry Practice of \u201cStacking\u201d Insecticides Called into Question by Researchers - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0(Beyond Pesticides, April 8, 2013) \u00a0Given the rise of targeted plant and animal pests that are resistant to the tactics of the biotechnology industry, companies that produce genetically engineered (GE) crops have begun producing plants with \u201cstacked\u201d traits. For herbicide resistant crops, this means adding traits that incorporate crop resistance to increasingly dangerous and toxic chemicals, such as 2,4-D, a major component in the Vietnam-era herbicide Agent Orange. For crops engineered to produce their own natural insecticide, namely the toxin Bacillus thuringiensis, this means adding new formulations of the bacterium. Although this practice is widely considered acceptable and effective by the biotechnology industry, a new study from the University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, published in the journal PNAS, casts doubt on this assumption. Most scientists assume that two-toxin plants will be more durable than one-toxin plants. 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The founders, who established Beyond Pesticides (originally as National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides) as a nonprofit membership organization in 1981, felt that without the existence of such an organized, national network, local, state and national pesticide policy would become, under chemical industry pressure, increasingly unresponsive to public health and environmental concerns. Beyond Pesticides believes that people must have a voice in decisions that affect them directly. We believe decisions should not be made for us by chemical companies or by decision-makers who either do not have all of the facts or refuse to consider them. Learn more about our work, read A Year in Review\u20142021, our accomplishments are your victories! Beyond Pesticides seeks to protect healthy air, water, land, and food for ourselves and future generations. By forging ties with governments, nonprofits, and people who rely on these natural resources, we reduce the need for unnecessary pesticide use and protect public health and the environment. Beyond Pesticides provides hands-on services to the public and supports local action by: identifying and interpreting hazards; and, designing safe pest management programs. With the information provided by Beyond Pesticides, people may not only be able to make informed choices and adopt practices that protect themselves and their families from unnecessary exposure to pesticides, but they will be able to effect changes on community-wide pest management decisions and policies that govern pesticide use, such as pesticide uses in parks, schools, for community insect control and along roadsides. 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