{"id":14523,"date":"2014-11-21T01:54:05","date_gmt":"2014-11-21T05:54:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=14523"},"modified":"2014-12-11T17:51:30","modified_gmt":"2014-12-11T21:51:30","slug":"insect-resistance-a-serious-threat-to-ge-crop-sustainability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2014\/11\/insect-resistance-a-serious-threat-to-ge-crop-sustainability\/","title":{"rendered":"Insect Resistance \u201cA Serious Threat\u201d to GE Crop Sustainability"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides,<\/em> November 21, 2014) Researchers of a new study published on Monday find increased resistance in the fall armyworm to Bacillus thuringiensis <\/em>(Bt)-incorporated genetically engineered (GE) maize in the southeastern region of the U.S., calling this evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops \u201ca serious threat to the sustainability of this technology.\u201d<\/p>\n

The pest was found to be resistant to a toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis<\/em>, or Bt, which is inserted into seeds. Bt<\/a> is a naturally-occurring soil bacterium that, when used in non-genetically engineered forms, is an important biological pesticide for organic and sustainable farmers. This study is just one of many that show increasing insect resistance to Bt crops, which are produced by Dow and DuPont, but is the first to document field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of Bt maize in a lepidopteran pest in the mainland U.S.<\/p>\n

The study, \u201cCry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda<\/em>: Single Gene versus Pyramided Bt Maize<\/a>,\u201d led by Fangneng Huang, Ph.D., an entomologist at Louisiana State University, finds that the fall armyworm has exhibited increased resistance to the Bt subspecies Cry1F protein. When expressed, the protein controls larvae from an order of insects known as Lepidoptera, which includes pests such as the European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, and black cutworm, as well as beneficial organisms such as butterflies and moths. Armyworms can plague farmers in many parts of the U.S., but these resistant insects have been documented only in some areas of Florida and North Carolina. The range of these resistant armyworms is unknown, researchers said.<\/p>\n

The researchers recommended that farmers should plant more non-GMO corn as a refuge and possibly increase the use of pesticides to control the resistance.<\/p>\n

Newer types of Bt corn with multiple modes of action are still showing effectiveness, Dr. Huang said. He added, “We don’t know how long they can last.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dr. Huang\u2019s uncertainty is not only suggested by the results of his most recent study, but is also supported by a growing literature of cross-resistance in regards to other resistant insects. \u00a0A 2013 study,<\/a> \u00a0 \u00a0\u201cPotential shortfall of pyramided transgenic cotton for insect resistance management,\u201d by Thierry Br\u00e9vaul, Ph.D., and colleagues found that stacking several \u00a0Bt-incorporated traits does not stop resistance. Researchers assumed that caterpillars resistant to the first \u00a0Bt \u00a0toxin would survive on the one-toxin plants, but die when consuming two-toxin plants because they had not yet developed resistance to the new formulation. However, caterpillars selected for resistance to one toxin survived significantly better than caterpillars from a susceptible strain.<\/p>\n

Several additional studies have documented growing insect resistance to Bt maize. In 2011<\/a>, the study \u201cField-Evolved Resistance to \u00a0Bt \u00a0Maize by Western Corn Rootworm<\/a>,\u201d \u00a0led by Aaron Gassmann, Ph.D., verified the first field-evolved resistance of corn rootworm, from the order Coleoptera, \u00a0to a \u00a0Bt \u00a0toxin, Cry3Bb1. The study found the western corn rootworm\u2019s ability to adapt is strongest in fields where Bt \u00a0corn is planted for three consecutive years and suggests that insufficient planting of refuges contributes to the problem. This study was cited by a group of \u00a022 prominent entomologists \u00a0<\/a>who submitted \u00a0formal comments to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)<\/a> \u00a0on their concerns about the viability of Cry3Bb1 corn. In January 2013, EPA concluded that<\/a>, \u201cCorn rootworm may not be completely controlled by Cry3Bb1 in certain parts of the corn belt.\u201d However, after this release, EPA did little to mitigate resistance beyond announcing that Monsanto had committed to conducting grower education programs demonstrating the value of crop rotation.<\/p>\n

Other consequences related to growing insect resistance to GE technology include an increase in insecticide use. According to a report by the \u00a0Wall Street Journal<\/em> \u00a0in 2013<\/a>, insecticide sales soared \u00a0in 2013 as target insects have developed resistance to genetically engineered insecticide-incorporated crops. Pesticide manufacturers American Vanguard, FMC Corp, and Syngenta have all reported higher sales in 2012 and 2013 than in previous years. Syngenta alone reported doubling sales in 2012. Similarly, American Vanguard reported soil insecticide revenues rose by 50% in 2012.<\/p>\n

Beyond Pesticides believes that whether it is the incorporation into food crops of genes from a natural bacterium (Bt) or the development of an herbicide-tolerant crop, the GE approach to agriculture and pest management is short sighted and dangerous. There are \u00a0serious public health<\/a> \u00a0and \u00a0many other problems<\/a> \u00a0associated with GE crops. The failure of EPA to properly exercise its authority to regulate the plant-incorporated protection used in Bt corn products is unacceptable. Further delay on EPA\u2019s part to implement refuge requirements and compliance activities that seek to \u00a0preserve the efficacy of Bt corn products and extend their utility in the field will result in undue adverse environmental, human health, and economic consequences, as well as undermine the use of Bt as a biological pest management tool in organic production.<\/p>\n

For more information on the hazards associated with GE technology, visit Beyond Pesticides\u2019 \u00a0Genetic Engineering webpage<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sources: Reuters<\/a><\/p>\n

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides, November 21, 2014) Researchers of a new study published on Monday find increased resistance in the fall armyworm to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-incorporated genetically engineered (GE) maize in the southeastern region of the U.S., calling this evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops \u201ca serious threat to the sustainability of this technology.\u201d The pest was found to be resistant to a toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, which is inserted into seeds. Bt is a naturally-occurring soil bacterium that, when used in non-genetically engineered forms, is an important biological pesticide for organic and sustainable farmers. This study is just one of many that show increasing insect resistance to Bt crops, which are produced by Dow and DuPont, but is the first to document field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of Bt maize in a lepidopteran pest in the mainland U.S. The study, \u201cCry1F Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: Single Gene versus Pyramided Bt Maize,\u201d led by Fangneng Huang, Ph.D., an entomologist at Louisiana State University, finds that the fall armyworm has exhibited increased resistance to the Bt subspecies Cry1F protein. When expressed, the protein controls larvae from an order of insects known as Lepidoptera, which includes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[249,5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agriculture","category-genetic-engineering"],"yoast_head":"\nInsect Resistance \u201cA Serious Threat\u201d to GE Crop Sustainability - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2014\/11\/insect-resistance-a-serious-threat-to-ge-crop-sustainability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Insect Resistance \u201cA Serious Threat\u201d to GE Crop Sustainability - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"(Beyond Pesticides, November 21, 2014) Researchers of a new study published on Monday find increased resistance in the fall armyworm to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-incorporated genetically engineered (GE) maize in the southeastern region of the U.S., calling this evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops \u201ca serious threat to the sustainability of this technology.\u201d The pest was found to be resistant to a toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, which is inserted into seeds. 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The founders, who established Beyond Pesticides (originally as National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides) as a nonprofit membership organization in 1981, felt that without the existence of such an organized, national network, local, state and national pesticide policy would become, under chemical industry pressure, increasingly unresponsive to public health and environmental concerns. Beyond Pesticides believes that people must have a voice in decisions that affect them directly. We believe decisions should not be made for us by chemical companies or by decision-makers who either do not have all of the facts or refuse to consider them. Learn more about our work, read A Year in Review\u20142021, our accomplishments are your victories! Beyond Pesticides seeks to protect healthy air, water, land, and food for ourselves and future generations. By forging ties with governments, nonprofits, and people who rely on these natural resources, we reduce the need for unnecessary pesticide use and protect public health and the environment. Beyond Pesticides provides hands-on services to the public and supports local action by: identifying and interpreting hazards; and, designing safe pest management programs. With the information provided by Beyond Pesticides, people may not only be able to make informed choices and adopt practices that protect themselves and their families from unnecessary exposure to pesticides, but they will be able to effect changes on community-wide pest management decisions and policies that govern pesticide use, such as pesticide uses in parks, schools, for community insect control and along roadsides. 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