{"id":33686,"date":"2023-10-10T00:01:30","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T04:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=33686"},"modified":"2023-10-05T13:21:37","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T17:21:37","slug":"insecticide-resistant-mosquito-sets-malaria-fight-back","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2023\/10\/insecticide-resistant-mosquito-sets-malaria-fight-back\/","title":{"rendered":"Insecticide-Resistant Mosquito Sets Africa\u2019s Malaria Fight Back to Square One"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Beyond Pesticides<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, October 10, 2023) In recent years, the effects of climate change have become more frequent and more severe, from extreme weather events to rising sea levels. But perhaps one of the most insidious consequences of a warming planet is the way it <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/based-on-science\/does-climate-change-increase-the-spread-of-infectious-diseases\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">influences the spread of diseases<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, often hitting marginalized communities the hardest. This is no more evident than in the case of malaria, where the disease transmission through the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/entnemdept.ufl.edu\/Creatures\/AQUATIC\/Asian_malaria_mosquito_Anopheles.htm#:~:text=2021.,Parasitology%2037%3A%20571%2D572.\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Anopheles stephensi mosquito<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> serves as a dire warning of the challenges caused by a changing climate. As this deadly vector of disease expands its territory, it is clear that pesticide-intensive approaches are poorly equipped to cope with the threat as insect resistance to chemical controls steadily grows.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Native to South Asia, the Anopheles stephensi mosquito has been on a relentless journey, crossing continents <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2301666120\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">from the Arabian Peninsula to East Africa<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and deeper into the African continent. The mosquito&#8217;s ability to quickly adapt to new environments, bolstered by shifting climate patterns, illustrates how global warming affects disease vectors. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nihrecord.nih.gov\/2022\/09\/16\/researchers-discuss-impact-climate-change-mosquito-borne-diseases\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Matthew Thomas, PhD<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, emphasizes, &#8220;Anopheles stephensi has higher thermal tolerance and a capacity to transmit at higher temperatures than Anopheles gambiae [another malaria-spreading mosquito]. This is significant when considering climate change and the invasion of this species into Africa, potentially altering the dynamics and distribution of malaria.&#8221;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While scientists have not yet pinpointed the exact cause of An. stephensi&#8217;s migration <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">across Arabia and Africa, climate change cannot be ruled out. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The mosquito&#8217;s tolerance for heat strongly suggests that a changing climate may be entirely or partly responsible for its expansion.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The consequences of An. stephensi&#8217;s migration are nothing short of catastrophic, arriving at a time when malaria was on the verge of eradication in Africa. In 2012, Djibouti, a nation on the brink of declaring malaria eliminated, reported just 27 cases. However, with the mosquito&#8217;s invasion, cases increased exponentially. By 2020, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/mosquito-on-the-move\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Djibouti faced over 70,000 reported cases<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, primarily concentrated in the capital, Djibouti city.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The rapid spread of this mosquito can be attributed to its unique characteristics not found in other African Anopheles species. While most mosquitoes become problematic during rainy and wet seasons, typically residing in rural areas and natural water sources, An. stephensi thrives year-round. Its <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2301666120\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">preference for artificial water containers<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, such as cisterns, water containers, and wells, enables it to breed continuously despite seasonal fluctuations. This allows for adaptability to even urban environments\u2014something unheard of in other African mosquito species&#8211;and human-made water reservoirs, which poses a significant challenge to malaria control efforts.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">An. stephensi is also unique in that it is not merely a carrier of one malaria parasite; it transmits two malaria-causing parasites&#8211;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7853561\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u2014increasing its potency and likelihood of spreading disease. Unlike most mosquitoes that feed at night when preventive measures like bed nets are effective, An. stephensi feeds during the day. This behavioral shift renders traditional prevention strategies less effective, placing communities at an elevated risk of malaria transmission.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Perhaps one of the most significant concerns is the insecticide resistance exhibited by these mosquitoes. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/laninf\/article\/PIIS1473-3099(23)00437-1\/fulltext\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A study<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> has revealed that &#8220;pyrethroid resistance is now widespread in most malaria-endemic countries, threatening the efficacy of standard long-lasting insecticide nets treated with pyrethroids alone.&#8221;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The same pyrethroids have been employed to tackle mosquito-related public health concerns <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/after-40-years-most-important-weapon-against-mosquitoes-may-be-failing\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">since 1977<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Half a century later, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2023\/08\/the-growing-insecticide-resistance-issue-increases-concerns-over-deadly-disease-transmission-through-mosquitos\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">the efficacy of this class of insecticide has dwindled<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, with insecticide-resistant mosquitos present and wreaking havoc <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/news-events\/news\/research-news\/2019\/mosquitoes-show-high-resistance-to-common-insecticide\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">across the globe<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The production and application of these insecticides are intrinsically linked to fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. The irony of this cycle cannot be ignored\u2013the very pesticides intended to combat disease vectors contribute to the environmental factors propelling malaria&#8217;s spread.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This resurgence of malaria serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need to reevaluate the reliance on pesticides. The methods employed to combat malaria might inadvertently be worsening the crisis. For public health advocates, this serves as a wake-up call, compelling the world to reassess strategies in the face of climate change.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This situation is fundamentally an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aidspan.org\/climate-change-could-jeopardize-the-elimination-of-malaria-in-africa\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">environmental justice issue<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. The resurgence of malaria predominantly affects developing countries that lack the infrastructure to support the health care needs during urban malaria outbreaks. For so long, malaria has primarily affected rural communities. As urban areas become increasingly susceptible to malaria due to climate change, countless lives will be lost due to the almost nonexistent malaria identification and treatment know-how. In fact, a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0study\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2003976117\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">estimated 126 million additional people<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\"> in urban areas would be at risk of malaria because of the\u00a0An. stephensi\u00a0mosquito. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Moreover, the efforts of under-resourced nations to eradicate malaria and other life-threatening diseases are being undermined by the actions of those manufacturing petrochemical pesticides, exacerbating climate change and the migration of invasive species.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The impact of a single invasive vector species has already resulted in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/malariajournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12936-023-04545-y\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">millions of illnesses and death<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. The world must take action to address the harm caused by climate change and regain control before more dangerous invasive species further affect vulnerable populations.\u00a0Beyond Pesticides is committed to providing ecological and just solutions to pest problems. Our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/resources\/mosquitos-and-insect-borne-diseases\/overview\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mosquito Management and Insect-Borne Diseases guide<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> offers alternative mosquito control options that are better for public health and the environment. Exploring and supporting such alternatives is crucial in a world threatened by dire climate catastrophes. Please visit the Beyond Pesticides <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">webpage<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> to learn about more alternatives to pesticides.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:315}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/09\/29\/health\/mosquitoes-stephensi-malaria-africa.html\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">New York Times, An Invasive Mosquito Threatens<\/span><\/i><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:315}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(Beyond Pesticides, October 10, 2023) In recent years, the effects of climate change have become more frequent and more severe, from extreme weather events to rising sea levels. But perhaps one of the most insidious consequences of a warming planet is the way it influences the spread of diseases, often hitting marginalized communities the hardest. This is no more evident than in the case of malaria, where the disease transmission through the Anopheles stephensi mosquito serves as a dire warning of the challenges caused by a changing climate. As this deadly vector of disease expands its territory, it is clear that pesticide-intensive approaches are poorly equipped to cope with the threat as insect resistance to chemical controls steadily grows.\u00a0 Native to South Asia, the Anopheles stephensi mosquito has been on a relentless journey, crossing continents from the Arabian Peninsula to East Africa and deeper into the African continent. The mosquito&#8217;s ability to quickly adapt to new environments, bolstered by shifting climate patterns, illustrates how global warming affects disease vectors. Matthew Thomas, PhD, emphasizes, &#8220;Anopheles stephensi has higher thermal tolerance and a capacity to transmit at higher temperatures than Anopheles gambiae [another malaria-spreading mosquito]. This is significant when considering climate change [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":33687,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[224,266,530,378,1],"tags":[944,992,993,994,995,694,693,991],"class_list":["post-33686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-malaria","category-mosquitoes","category-pyrethroids","category-synthetic-pyrethroids","category-uncategorized","tag-africa","tag-anopheles-stephensi","tag-arabia","tag-asia","tag-invasive","tag-malaria","tag-mosquito","tag-stephensi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Insecticide-Resistant Mosquito Sets Africa\u2019s Malaria Fight Back to Square One - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A mosquito native to Asia--the Anopheles stephensi--invades Africa and significantly sets back malaria progress\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2023\/10\/insecticide-resistant-mosquito-sets-malaria-fight-back\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Insecticide-Resistant Mosquito Sets Africa\u2019s Malaria Fight Back to Square One - 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