{"id":35048,"date":"2024-04-11T00:01:43","date_gmt":"2024-04-11T04:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=35048"},"modified":"2024-04-10T17:47:27","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T21:47:27","slug":"chemical-intensive-practices-in-florida-citrus-lead-to-harm-and-collapse-as-organic-methods-offer-path-forward","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2024\/04\/chemical-intensive-practices-in-florida-citrus-lead-to-harm-and-collapse-as-organic-methods-offer-path-forward\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemical-Intensive Practices in Florida Citrus Lead to Harm and Collapse, as Organic Methods Offer Path Forward"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>(<em>Beyond Pesticides<\/em>, April 11, 2024) Scientists are moving forward in testing an agroecological method of \u201cpush-pull\u201d pest management (reducing the attractiveness of the target organism and luring pest insects towards a trap) to fight the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) in Florida orange groves, as it spreads a plant disease known as the pathogenic bacteria <em>huanglongbing<\/em> (HLB), also known as citrus greening, which is deadly to citrus trees. The disease is spread by the pathogenic bacteria <em>Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus<\/em> (CLas). \u00a0The chemical-intensive, or conventional, citrus industry is under intense pressure to find alternatives, as synthetic antibiotic use for this purpose has been successfully <a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2023\/12\/court-finds-epa-allowance-of-antibiotic-streptomycin-use-on-citrus-illegal\/\">challenged in court<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>ACP is the carrier, or vector, for HLB, spreading it through the citrus groves and killing the trees. The chemical-intensive industry has focused on using antibiotics, which the environmental and public health community has rejected because of serious medical concerns associated with life-threatening bacterial resistance to antibiotics used to protect humans. A federal district court decision in December 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrdc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-12\/court-appeals-streptomycin-usage-20231213.pdf\">found illegal<\/a> the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s (EPA) decision to register the antibiotic streptomycin in Florida citrus without adequate review of its impact on endangered species. The streptomycin lawsuit, filed in 2021 by a coalition of farmworker and public interest groups, including Beyond Pesticides, raises critical issues of antibiotic resistance, public health protection, and impacts on bees.<\/p>\n<p>Organic citrus production has been on the cutting edge when it comes to managing citrus greening. Citrus farmers, growing under the USDA certified organic label, are prohibited from employing antibiotics along with other toxic pesticides.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unclematts.com\/the-state-of-citrus-greening\/\">Organic growers like Uncle Matt\u2019s in Florida discuss<\/a>\u00a0the importance of soil health that supports plant resilience, breeding programs for tolerant rootstock, the use of botanical insecticides such as neem and clove oil, and the release of the biological control agent Tamarixia wasps, which feed on Asian Citrus Psyllids.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MarUdwUY2vs&amp;list=PLHS5IfcgFy5fXbW_qamBrsDSqthCn7L35&amp;index=4\">Watch Uncle Matt\u2019s Benny McClean, production manager<\/a>, speak about organic citrus production in Florida at Beyond Pesticide\u2019s 33rd National Pesticide Forum.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, Mongabay (an international environmental science nonprofit news platform) <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2024\/04\/florida-citrus-growers-hope-push-pull-agroecology-method-will-save-their-industry\/\">reports<\/a> that those practicing agroecology, while not certified organic, are utilizing \u201cpush-pull\u201d methods, using an organic plant-pheromone, methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen), to lure pests away from citrus crops and toward \u201ctrap crops\u201d instead. The method was first developed in East Africa, and represents a more holistic and environmentally friendly approach to pest management, transitioning away from dependence on pesticides.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cpush-pull\u201d pest management strategy focuses on manipulating the behavior of the psyllids to protect citrus crops by making the citrus trees less attractive while simultaneously luring ACP toward alternative, non-citrus &#8220;trap crops.&#8221; While the final results are pending, the anticipated outcome is a significant reduction in ACP populations on the treated citrus trees, thereby lowering the incidence of HLB transmission.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An Argentinian research team, led by Mar\u00eda Victoria Coll-Ar\u00e1oz, PhD, formerly on the science faculty of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unt.edu.ar\/\">Universidad Nacional de Tucum\u00e1n<\/a>, studied a series of experimental plots designed to test the efficacy of the \u201cpush-pull\u201d method in a real-world setting. Her research was funded under the Fulbright Scholars Program with the project title \u201cUtilizing Plant Signaling Compounds to Manage Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina Citri), Vector of Huanglongbing Disease of Citrus.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The three distinct test groups include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Control<\/em>: Trees receive no treatment to serve as a baseline for comparison.<\/li>\n<li><em>Treated citrus only<\/em>: Trees are sprayed with an organic plant hormone solution that inhibits the production of methyl salicylate, a chemical that naturally attracts psyllids.<\/li>\n<li><em>Treated citrus with trap crops<\/em>: In addition to the treated citrus trees, this setup includes curry leaf plants (<em>Murraya koenigii<\/em>) surrounding the citrus trees. These trap crops are sprayed with methyl salicylate (a plant hormone compatible with organic systems) to make them more attractive to the psyllids than the citrus trees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The methodological approach features two key actions simultaneously: pushing ACP away from the citrus (the &#8220;push&#8221;) and pulling them toward another target (the &#8220;pull&#8221;).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Push<\/em>: The citrus trees are sprayed with an organic plant hormone that suppresses their natural emission of methyl salicylate, a compound that attracts psyllids and other pests. Normally, when a tree becomes infected with citrus greening, the bacteria causes the tree to produce even more methyl salicylate \u2014 a positive feedback loop \u201cdesigned by the bacteria for its own propagation,\u201d as Dr. Coll-Ar\u00e1oz explains. Reducing this methyl salicylate attractant makes the citrus trees less appealing to the psyllids and breaks this feedback loop.<\/li>\n<li><em>Pull<\/em>: Simultaneously, the surrounding trap crops (curry leaf plants) are made <u>more<\/u> attractive by enhancing their emission of methyl salicylate, either through direct spraying of the substance or using dispensers that release the chemical, acting like perfume bottles to lure the insects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Approaching HLB\u2014No cure, but manageable under organic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>HLB is one of the most researched plant diseases in the current times. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent on research and, as <em>The Organic Growers Guide<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.organic-center.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/2019\/01\/HLB_FarmerGuide.pdf\">noted<\/a> in 2019, \u201cIt is universally agreed by growers and scientists that no \u2018silver bullet\u2019 has yet been discovered\u201d for HLB, therefore the presence of ACP poses a severe risk to citrus crops with the potential to cause catastrophic losses. [Infected trees must be completely removed to combat this disease, as symptoms may not appear for one to two years, and a tree may succumb to HLB within five years.] Measuring between 1\/6 and 1\/8 inches in length, this small insect serves as the carrier for the deadly bacterium<em>.<\/em> When ACP feeds on a plant, it transmits the bacterium, which is harmless to the psyllid but causes HLB, also known as citrus greening or yellow dragon disease, in citrus and certain ornamental plants. With a one to two-month lifespan, ACP can infect an enormous number of trees by spreading the bacterium.<\/p>\n<p>Most management of the HLB vector centers primarily on the intensive use of synthetic insecticides, which are prohibited from use under organic management. ACP management in conventional citrus is based largely on the intensive use of synthetic insecticides such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/resources\/pesticide-gateway?pesticideid=39\">imidacloprid<\/a>, chlorpyrifos, and dimethoate, as well as new insecticides such as cyantraniliprole. Studies have investigated the development and use of synthetic pesticides, agricultural antibiotics, and genetically engineered citrus varieties. Advocates have noted with alarm the danger of continuing to rely on highly toxic synthetic pesticides like <a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2024\/02\/oregon-is-the-latest-state-to-step-in-and-ban-widely-used-neurotoxic-pesticide-chlorpyrifos-as-epa-stalls\/\">chlorpyrifos<\/a> (banned in 39 countries) and <a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2023\/12\/epa-may-allow-highly-neurotoxic-insecticide-aldicarb-for-citrus-despite-ban-in-2010-for-same-use\/\">aldicarb<\/a> ( banned in 100+ countries). Even Florida\u2019s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services<a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2021\/06\/court-blocks-trump-era-toxic-citrus-pesticide-defended-by-biden-epa\/\"> rejected <\/a>state-level approval of aldicarb: \u201cWhile there are promising new horizons for fighting citrus greening, like recent breakthroughs at UF\/IFAS on genetic resistance, aldicarb poses an unacceptable risk to human, animal, and environmental health in Florida, is one of the world\u2019s most toxic pesticides, and is banned in more than 100 countries,\u201d said Florida Agriculture Commissioner Nikki Fried in 2021. \u201cThe registrant\u2019s application does not meet the requirements of state law, and we must therefore deny the registration of aldicarb for use in the State of Florida.\u201d In addition, concerns over using medical treatments as pesticides are not conjecture but borne out of experiences already concerning on the ground. In January 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/epa-takes-aggressive-actions-against-citrus-greening-while-maintaining-public-health-and\">EPA<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/epa-takes-aggressive-actions-against-citrus-greening-while-maintaining-public-health-and\"> authorized<\/a> the antibiotic streptomycin to combat citrus greening disease despite the potential for significant environmental and health risks. Critics point out that while citrus greening and cancer are serious threats, the solution should not involve repurposing critical medical treatments for widespread agricultural application, a practice that benefits corporate interests more than farmers and poses long-term public health risks.<\/p>\n<p>The devastating impact of citrus greening disease has left the citrus industry in disarray, with declining production and economic losses. However, examination of <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22161\/ijhaf.3.1.1\">available literature, unpublished research data, and grower observations<\/a> have produced evidence that citrus greening may be managed and marketable fruit produced by adopting organic agricultural (and agroecological) methods, including push-pull pest control, strict disease prevention, diligent scouting, ACP control, nutritional support of healthy and infected trees, implementation of biological controls and the planting of cultivars considered \u201ctolerant\u201d or \u201cresistant\u201d to HLB. \u201cPesticides haven\u2019t worked to control this vector, and we\u2019re entering a time when these alternatives are unsustainable,\u201d said Lukasz <a href=\"https:\/\/crec.ifas.ufl.edu\/people\/faculty\/lukasz-stelinski\/\">Stelinski<\/a>, PhD, a leading entomologist at the University of Florida\u2019s Citrus Research And Education Center. \u201cThey\u2019re too expensive. They\u2019re having negative impacts in terms of insecticide resistance development, and they\u2019re not working.\u201d Despite this plethora of research, there is still a dramatic underfunding of research on methods compliant with and supporting organic cultivation.<\/p>\n<p>Conventional approaches relying on synthetic pesticides have proven ineffective, harmful to human health, and detrimental to the environment. Advocates say that the time has come for a transformative change in citrus farming practices, as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.organic-center.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/2019\/01\/HLB_FarmerGuide.pdf\">organic<\/a> citrus represents 1.5 percent of citrus acreage in the United States and three percent of the dollar value\u2014in other words, providing a significantly greater economic return per acre planted. Organic citrus production, supported by agroecology principles like push-pull pest management, offers a superior approach to combat citrus greening disease and revive the struggling industry. By reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides, promoting ecosystem health, and meeting the demand for organic products, organic citrus production can pave the way for a brighter future for the citrus industry.<\/p>\n<p>In 2022, after yet another closure of international juice company Tropicana\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessobserverfl.com\/article\/updated-tropicana-products-shutting-down-fort-pierce-facility-and-laying-off-staff-not-enough-oranges\">Fort Pierce processing facility<\/a> from a lack of fruit supply, plant breeder Fred Gmitter, PhD, at the University of Florida\u2019s land grant Citrus Research and Education Center, commented, \u201cIt\u2019s difficult to imagine being much worse off in our industry right now. I ask this question all the time: Is this the bottom? Is this as bad as it\u2019s going to get?\u201d\u00a0 In light of Dr. Gmitter&#8217;s comments and devastating crop losses (from 200 million boxes of oranges produced in Florida in the 2000s to just <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Statistics_by_State\/Florida\/Publications\/Citrus\/Citrus_Forecast\/2023-24\/cit0324.pdf\">20 million<\/a> boxes in Florida\u2019s 2023-2024 forecast), advocates urge that the current situation be viewed as a tipping point for the end of chemical-intensive, pesticide first industrial production of oranges. Florida-based national leader in organic orange juice production, Uncle Matt\u2019s Organic, now a Certified B company, has seen growth and success and leads the way with supporting research, and practical application of organic compatible methods. <em>For more information, please see <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MarUdwUY2vs&amp;list=PLHS5IfcgFy5fXbW_qamBrsDSqthCn7L35&amp;index=4\"><strong><em>Uncle Matt\u2019s Benny McClean, production manager<\/em><\/strong><\/a><em>, speak about organic citrus production in Florida at Beyond Pesticide\u2019s 33rd National Pesticide Forum.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Beyond Pesticides argues that the urgency of the existential crises that conventional Florida citrus management exemplifies can only be met with an immediate end to the use of highly toxic synthetic pesticides (including insecticides) like aldicarb, human antibiotics like streptomycin, and more. The time is now to follow what consumers already know, and a growing organic market shows that organic agriculture can overcome challenges of pest and plague to deliver nutritious food, without pesticide residue, or pesticide exposure and harm to farmers and fields, neighbors, children, wildlife, and the environment.<\/p>\n<p>Our food choices directly affect the health of our environment and those who grow and harvest what we eat. That\u2019s why food labeled &#8220;organic&#8221; is the right choice. In addition to serious health questions linked to actual residues of toxic pesticides on the food we eat, our food-buying decisions support or reject hazardous agricultural practices, protect farmworkers and farm families, and provide stewardship for the earth. See Beyond Pesticides for more on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/resources\/eating-with-a-conscience\/overview#:~:text=The%20Organic%20Choice%20is%20Clear&amp;text=This%20eliminates%20commonly%20used%20toxic,birds%2C%20fish%20and%20other%20wildlife.\">Eating <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/resources\/eating-with-a-conscience\/overview#:~:text=The%20Organic%20Choice%20is%20Clear&amp;text=This%20eliminates%20commonly%20used%20toxic,birds%2C%20fish%20and%20other%20wildlife.\">with a Conscience<\/a>. Beyond Pesticides\u2019 article, <a href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/assets\/media\/documents\/organicfood\/documents\/true-cost.pdf\">\u201cThe Real Story on the Affordability of Organic Food,\u201d<\/a> lays out the hidden costs and risks of conventional, chemical-intensive agriculture, and offers helpful ideas on eating organic on a budget. To learn more about opportunities to strengthen the National Organic Program, please see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beyondpesticides.org\/programs\/organic-agriculture\/keeping-organic-strong\">\u201cKeeping Organic Strong<\/a>\u201d webpage.<\/p>\n<p><em>All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2024\/04\/florida-citrus-growers-hope-push-pull-agroecology-method-will-save-their-industry\/\">Florida growers eye agroecology solution to devastating citrus disease<\/a>, Marlowe Starling, <em>Mongabay News<\/em>, April 3, 2024<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22161\/ijhaf.3.1.1\">Combatting Huanglongbing in Organic Systems<\/a>,<em> International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science <\/em>(IJHAF), Cochrane, Ellen, Shade, Jessica,\u00a0 Jan-Feb 2019<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.organic-center.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/2019\/01\/HLB_FarmerGuide.pdf\">Combatting Citrus Greening in Organic Systems A GROWER\u2019S GUIDE<\/a>, The Organic Center, January 2019<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unclematts.com\/citrus-greening-a-positive-outlook-despite-mother-natures-setbacks\/\">Citrus Greening: A positive outlook despite Mother Nature\u2019s setbacks<\/a>, Uncle Matt&#8217;s Organic, November 2022<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unclematts.com\/genetic-improvements-offer-best-long-term-solutions-to-citrus-greening-disease\/\">Genetic Improvements Offer Best Long-term Solutions to Citrus Greening Disease<\/a>, Uncle Matt&#8217;s Organic January 19, 2021<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjisesa%2Fieaa126\">Progress Toward an Attract-and-Kill Device for Asian Citrus Psyllid Using Volatile Signatures of Citrus Infected With Huanglongbing as the Attractant<\/a>, <em>Journal of Insect Science<\/em>, November 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(Beyond Pesticides, April 11, 2024) Scientists are moving forward in testing an agroecological method of \u201cpush-pull\u201d pest management (reducing the attractiveness of the target organism and luring pest insects towards a trap) to fight the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) in Florida orange groves, as it spreads a plant disease known as the pathogenic bacteria huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, which is deadly to citrus trees. The disease is spread by the pathogenic bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). \u00a0The chemical-intensive, or conventional, citrus industry is under intense pressure to find alternatives, as synthetic antibiotic use for this purpose has been successfully challenged in court. ACP is the carrier, or vector, for HLB, spreading it through the citrus groves and killing the trees. The chemical-intensive industry has focused on using antibiotics, which the environmental and public health community has rejected because of serious medical concerns associated with life-threatening bacterial resistance to antibiotics used to protect humans. A federal district court decision in December 2023 found illegal the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s (EPA) decision to register the antibiotic streptomycin in Florida citrus without adequate review of its impact on endangered species. The streptomycin lawsuit, filed in 2021 by a coalition of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":35050,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[249,134,2,404,367,310,337,20,33,603,565,85,354,59,494,71,317,427,274,582,320,328,1409,1412,24,275,1190,255,1,1515,368],"tags":[1524,459,1526,1518,1522,446,1531,1070,1165,1519,683,1530,824,609,1164,1516,1527,1521,842,939,1155,921,428,673,1439,1418,1520,1517,600,1523,644,1525,1529,1528,922],"class_list":["post-35048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","category-aldicarb","category-alternativesorganics","category-antibiotic","category-antibiotic-resistance","category-aphids","category-biological-control","category-california","category-chlorpyrifos","category-citrus-greening-huanglongbing-hlb","category-ecosystem-services","category-endocrine-disruption","category-environmental-protection-agency-epa","category-florida","category-herbicides","category-imidacloprid","category-integrated-and-organic-pest-management","category-iq-loss","category-learning-disabilities","category-liver-damage","category-national-organic-standards-boardnational-organic-program","category-neonicotinoids","category-nosb-national-organic-standards-board","category-organic-foods-production-act-ofpa","category-pests","category-reproductive-health","category-streptomycin","category-thyroid-disease","category-uncategorized","category-uncle-matts-organic","category-us-department-of-agriculture-usda","tag-acp","tag-agriculture","tag-agroecology","tag-aphids","tag-asian-citrus-psyllid","tag-cancer","tag-certified-organic","tag-chlorpyrifos","tag-citrus","tag-citrus-greening","tag-contamination","tag-dimethoate","tag-exposure","tag-farmworkers","tag-florida","tag-florida-citrus","tag-hlb","tag-huanglongbing","tag-imidacloprid","tag-insecticides","tag-nop","tag-nosb","tag-organic","tag-organic-agriculture","tag-organic-food","tag-organic-food-production","tag-organic-orange","tag-organic-pest-control","tag-pesticides","tag-psyllid","tag-public-health","tag-push-pull","tag-uf","tag-university-of-florida","tag-usda"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chemical-Intensive Practices in Florida Citrus Lead to Harm and Collapse, as Organic Methods Offer Path Forward - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists test an agroecological method of \u201cpush-pull\u201d pest management to fight the Asian citrus psyllid in Florida citrus.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2024\/04\/chemical-intensive-practices-in-florida-citrus-lead-to-harm-and-collapse-as-organic-methods-offer-path-forward\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chemical-Intensive Practices in Florida Citrus Lead to Harm and Collapse, as 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