{"id":35649,"date":"2024-06-27T00:01:14","date_gmt":"2024-06-27T04:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=35649"},"modified":"2024-06-28T07:57:08","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T11:57:08","slug":"biosolids-are-biohazards-epa-sued-over-failure-to-protect-farmers-and-public-from-pfas-contaminated-biosolids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2024\/06\/biosolids-are-biohazards-epa-sued-over-failure-to-protect-farmers-and-public-from-pfas-contaminated-biosolids\/","title":{"rendered":"Biosolid Biohazard: EPA Sued for Failing to Protect Farmers and Public from PFAS-Contaminated Biosolids"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides<\/em>, June 27, 2024) Earlier this month, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) filed a lawsuit<\/a> against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on behalf of a group of ranchers and farmers in Texas harmed by biosolids contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The plaintiffs charge that their health and livelihoods were severely damaged due to contaminated biosolids leaching from neighboring properties onto their land. Despite EPA\u2019s responsibility<\/a> under the Clean Water Act<\/em> (Section 405(d) and 40 CFR Part 503) to identify toxic pollutants in biosolids and regulate them to protect human health and the environment, the agency has not effectively addressed the dangers posed by PFAS in biosolid fertilizers. EPA\u2019s failure has dramatic impacts on farmers as well as the public, who are eating or drinking PFAS-contaminated crops, dairy milk, beef, or other meat products. The shortcomings of federal regulations underscore the urgent need for a shift in how federal and state agencies approach these issues, prioritizing precaution to prevent future harm. The persistence of these legacy or “forever” chemicals in the environment illustrates the severe consequences of a historically lax regulatory framework in the U.S.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) has identified PFAS as an “emerging risk” and a “major hazard” to American agriculture, affecting farmers and ranchers nationwide. Beyond Pesticides argues that ending the use of toxic petrochemical pesticides, fertilizers and biosolids in agriculture addresses environmental and health issues simultaneously, including biosolids, a known source of PFAS contamination in soil, groundwater, and drinking water. Organic regenerative agriculture is a viable solution, and under the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA), which establishes the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic seal and certification process, the use of biosolids or fertilizers containing biosolids, as well as toxic synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, is prohibited.<\/p>\n

What are Biosolids or Biosludge?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

EPA estimates more than 2.4 million tons<\/a> of biosolids, or sewage sludge, are applied as fertilizers on farms, homes, parks, and other lands across the U.S. annually. Biosolids result from the wastewater treatment process, which collects wastewater and greywater, including anything flushed down the drain from homes, businesses, and industries. Some of the industries that discharge to wastewater treatment plants include metal plating, pulp and paper mills, fabric, and plastics manufacturing. Wastewater may even include the liquid waste or \u201cleachate\u201d that oozes from landfills<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Many persistent chemicals found in these waste streams are not removed during the treatment process. The Clean Water Act<\/em> Section 405(d) requires EPA to review biosolids regulations every two years, identify any new pollutants found, and set regulations if there is the potential for harm to human health or the environment. As reported in Nature<\/em><\/a> in 2022, EPA has identified 726 chemicals and \u201cstructure-based classes” in the biosolids it has tested, including pesticides and drugs (and their associated metabolites), cosmetics, flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dioxins, and dibenzofurans. Some chemicals are sent as liquid waste into local waterways, while others settle into the remaining solids known as biosolids. PFAS chemicals are not broken down during sewage treatment and yet biosolids are not currently tested for the presence of PFAS or other chemicals, outside of some heavy metals and pathogens. EPA is in the process of determining next steps since this issue attracted public interest last year. According to the agency<\/a>, \u201cThe EPA committed in the agency\u2019s PFAS Strategic Roadmap to conduct a biosolids risk assessment for two PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), in biosolids. . .The assessment is currently underway and is expected to be published by the end of 2024.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

EPA allows<\/a> biosolids to be applied to the land, incinerated, or landfilled, depending on the level of treatment. According to EPA\u2019s 2002 \u2018A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule<\/em><\/a>,\u2019 <\/em>biosolids can be applied on farms by conventional farmers, as long as they receive a permit from their EPA Region. EPA\u2019s established standards on pollutant concentrations, pathogen density, and the attraction of potential pathogen vectors (e.g., insects, scavenging mammals, and birds) can be found in the Biosolids Rule (40 CFR Part 503). As Beyond Pesticides report<\/a>, \u201cBiosolids or Biohazards<\/em><\/a>?,\u201d noted in 2012, \u201cWhile heavy metals, pathogens, and disease vectors are regulated, there are a myriad of chemicals, pesticides, and emerging contaminants, like PFAS in biosolids, that do not have any regulatory limits.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Problem with PFAS in Biosolids<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Known as “forever chemicals,” PFAS do not break down in the environment. Instead, these chemicals leach into soil and groundwater where they are absorbed by plants and animals. Once absorbed by some plants and animals, they bioaccumulate up the food chain, posing significant risks to humans, livestock, and wildlife. PFAS are often found in very high concentrations<\/a> in biosolids, due to their widespread use in residential and commercial applications. PFAS\u00a0health risks\u00a0<\/a>include developmental,\u00a0metabolic, cardiovascular<\/a>, and reproductive harm, cancer, damage to the liver, kidneys, and respiratory system, as well as the\u00a0potential to increase the chance of disease infection and severity<\/a>.\u00a0Gestational<\/a>\u00a0(during pregnancy) and childhood exposure to PFAS increases cardiometabolic risk, or the risk of heart diseases and metabolic disorders, later in life, according to a\u00a0Brown University<\/a>\u00a0study published in\u00a0Environment International<\/em><\/a>\u00a0in 2021.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Concern over the high amount of PFAS in biosolids prompted EPA\u2019s Office of Water, to work with the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS), and the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) to create Principles for Preventing and Managing PFAS in Biosolids<\/a>. Ostensibly, the principles<\/a> \u201cdefine key areas for regulators and stakeholders to work collaboratively to ensure the fate and transportation of PFAS contaminated biosolids do not result in harm to human health or the environment.\u201d Practically, these principles ignore the dramatic harms and reveal the lack of regulatory will necessary to address this crisis, despite EPA recognizing the grave impacts of PFAS on biological systems calling it an \u201curgent public health and environmental issue facing communities across the United States\u201d in its 2021 PFAS. Roadmap<\/a>.<\/p>\n

While EPA has recently promulgated drinking water standards for a small subset of over 9,000 PFAS, regulations set limits for only a handful, including two of the most studied PFAS (PFOA and PFOE), for which EPA acknowledges there is no safe level of exposure for human health. Yet no federal agency has yet implemented a program to assist farmers plagued by PFAS on their land or to establish guidelines for PFAS in food.<\/p>\n

Failure of EPA Regulation<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The plaintiffs in the PEER case represent just a fraction of the farmers nationwide who face agricultural contamination due to EPA\u2019s inaction on regulating toxic chemicals in biosolids. The lawsuit emphasizes that EPA has failed to use its authority under Section 405(d) of the Clean Water Act<\/em> to regulate these toxic chemicals effectively and, based on PEER\u2019s discussions with EPA before the lawsuit, the agency has no definitive timeline to take action. According to PEER, out of over 350 pollutants typically found in biosolids, EPA currently is only regulating nine heavy metals for land application, ignoring all others, including PFAS.\u00a0<\/p>\n

In fact, EPA has been aware of hundreds of pollutants regularly found in biosolids, including 61 designated as acutely hazardous, hazardous, or priority pollutants in other programs. EPA\u2019s failure to adequately regulate the use of biosolids prompted the EPA\u2019s Office of the Inspector General (OIG) to investigate the situation in 2018. The OIG found<\/a> that EPA\u2019s management of biosolids was \u201cincomplete\u201d and \u201cmay not fully protect human health and the environment,\u201d lacking the appropriate data or risk assessment tools. The OIG investigation<\/a> also found that EPA reductions in staff and resources in the biosolids program have hamstrung the program. They lack the data necessary to determine which pollutants pose the greatest threats to humans and the environment. In addition, the OIG determined that EPA has not provided the public with sufficient information to understand the full spectrum of biosolids pollutants and their potential impacts.<\/p>\n

Instead of developing regulations to prevent PFAS from entering the waste stream in the first place, in 2020 EPA provided \u201cinterim\u201d guidance<\/a> for destroying PFAS and PFAS-containing materials, which was updated in 2024 to provide information on methods to \u201cremediate, dispose of, and destroy PFAS contamination.\u201d This guidance is part of the EPA\u2019s broader PFAS Strategic Roadmap<\/a>, which outlines the agency\u2019s strategies for addressing PFAS contamination. It identifies biosolids as a source of contamination to land, but states that alternative means of destroying PFAS in waste (incineration and landfill) also have contamination concerns and that further research is needed before additional guidance (or regulation) can be developed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Moreover, in 2022, EPA punted the responsibility <\/a>for eliminating PFAS from biosolids to the states through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System<\/a> (NPDES) program. Through NPDES permits, EPA says states may \u201cchoose\u201d to monitor levels of PFAS in sewage sludge and include permit requirements to reduce PFAS contamination, where appropriate. Meanwhile, EPA says<\/a> they will continue to \u201cresearch, restrict, and remediate PFAS in the environment, including in biosolids.\u201d<\/p>\n

Several states are mandating the monitoring of wastewater at treatment facilities and by industries that utilize PFAS in their operations or contribute to contaminated stormwater. States such as Maine<\/a>, Michigan<\/a>, and Colorado<\/a> have implemented regulations that require wastewater systems to assess the levels of contamination and control the entry of PFAS pollutants from major industrial sources into the wastewater system.<\/p>\n

As a result of nearly absent federal regulation, contamination of US agricultural systems continues<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n

In a separate lawsuit in February 2024, five farmers from Johnson County, Texas<\/a>, filed a lawsuit against Synagro Technologies, Inc., a major manufacturer of biosolids-based fertilizers. The lawsuit alleges that Synagro’s products contain high levels of PFAS, which poisoned their land, water, and livestock, thereby decimating their livelihoods. The concentrations of PFAS found in the soil, water, and tissue samples from these farms were alarmingly high and included several PFAS for which there are not safe levels of exposure. As PEER notes<\/a>, this is \u201cthe first in what may be a tidal wave of product liability lawsuits \u2026 against a major manufacturer of biosolids-based fertilizer for damages caused by toxic chemicals they contain. Fertilizers produced from sewage sludge have dangerous levels of toxic PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), according to laboratory testing arranged by Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER), and thus present a major threat to American agriculture and public health.\u201d<\/p>\n

Synagro manages 6.5 million tons of biosolids each year, producing approximately 26,500 tons of fertilizer annually from sewage sludge purchased from water treatment plants. Despite marketing its fertilizers as safe and organic, the company faces accusations of failing to warn purchasers about the risks associated with PFAS exposure.<\/p>\n

Beyond Pesticides has long warned<\/a> unsuspecting consumers of deceptive labeling and PFAS dangers in fertilizers, calling out biosolid-based fertilizer products like Milorganite, often sold to consumers as \u201corganic,\u201d while contaminated with dangerous PFAS chemicals. A 2021 study published by Sierra Club and Ecology Center<\/a>, identified biosolids containing residues of hazardous pesticides, heavy metals, antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and a range of other toxicants<\/a>. None of these risks are revealed on fertilizer packages. With fertilizer regulations failing the American consumer, it becomes more important than ever to seek out certified organic fertilizer products<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As the report<\/a> notes, many of these products advertise themselves as \u201corganic,\u201d \u201cnatural,\u201d or \u201ceco-friendly.\u201d But with these products, \u201corganic\u201d does not mean the same as certified organic products, which prohibit the use of fertilizers containing biosolids. The source of this discrepancy lies with the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO). Fertilizer labeling is currently enacted on a state-by-state basis, and most states follow AAPFCO\u2019s model language. The group defines organic fertilizer as a material containing carbon and one or more elements other than hydrogen and oxygen essential for plant growth. This definition permits fertilizers to be labeled as \u201corganic\u201d (containing carbon) even if they do not comply with the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) standards to produce organic food.\u00a0<\/p>\n

State and Local Efforts<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lacking sufficient oversight at the federal level, action to protect health and the environment falls to the states and local jurisdictions. In 2022, the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS) conducted a survey<\/a> of state efforts to regulate, test, and research PFAS in biosolids. Of the 34 states that responded, 23 allow for biosolids contaminated with PFAS to be used on agricultural feedstock, residential and commercial land, food crops, and\/or other uses. Only Maine has a ban on land application of biosolids, with the exception of septage (sewage from septic systems). Michigan has also established PFAS limits for biosolids used in land applications. In addition, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Michigan each have some level of required monitoring for PFAS in biosolids. However, 27 states have no legislation regarding this matter.<\/p>\n

Local agencies are also picking up the slack left by EPA in the regulation of these toxics. The ECOS survey found that nine states (Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas) have local municipalities that have established measures to regulate or ban biosolids disposal or land application. (To learn more about federal, state, and local legislation and regulations about PFAS, see Northeastern University\u2019s PFAS Project Lab<\/a> website and PFAS Governance Tracker<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Urgent Response Needed<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Land application of biosolids to farms and landscapes is considered the standard means of \u201cdisposal.\u201d As Beyond Pesticides reported<\/a>, chemicals such as PFAS have been found to migrate into food when grown on farms using contaminated biosolids. Over 60% of biosolids are used in crops, and the contaminants in them make their way to our food and water. When biosolids are used in landscaping, the contaminants pose a hazard to landscapers and those using athletic fields. In view of EPA\u2019s failure to provide comprehensive identification, regulation, and elimination of potential contaminants, the biosolids themselves must be tested to ensure safety; otherwise, they should not be used on farms, public lands, or landscapes.<\/p>\n

Currently, USDA organic certification is the only<\/a> regulatory safeguard from biosolids threats to human health, given their prohibition in the Organic Foods Production Act. Beyond Pesticides urges consumers to avoid the use of dried sewage sludge on their home yard and garden and encourages reading fertilizer labels carefully. To assist, Beyond Pesticides created a resource of\u00a0Fertilizers Compatible with Organic Landscape Management<\/a>. The resource focuses on companies that produce consumer-use fertilizers that bear the certified organic label<\/a>, which never allows the inclusion of biosolid sewage sludge.<\/p>\n

Fight back against sewage sludge<\/strong> on your food and in your agricultural community by urging local leaders to prohibit the use of these products on farm fields. Communities across the U.S. have begun to take on this fight. Additional information on the dangers of biosolids can be found in the report \u201cBiosolids or Biohazards<\/a>\u201d and here<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

To raise your voice in support of two bills to fight PFAS contamination, see Beyond Pesticides\u2019 Action:<\/p>\n

Tell Congress to Take Action: The Farm Bill must include the Relief for Farmers Hit with PFAS Act and support the Healthy H2O Act to protect farmers and rural communities from PFAS contamination<\/strong><\/a>. Led by Chellie Pingree (D-ME), U.S. Senators Tammy Baldwin (D-WI), and Susan Collins (R-ME), a bipartisan and bicameral bill<\/strong><\/a>\u2014the Relief for Farmers Hit with PFAS Act<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u2014has been introduced to provide assistance and relief to those affected by PFAS. A second bill, the Healthy H2O Act<\/em><\/strong><\/a>,\u202fintroduced\u202fby\u202fRepresentatives Pingree and David Rouzer (R-NC)\u202fand\u202fSenators Baldwin and Collins, provides grants for water testing and treatment technology directly to individuals and non-profits in rural communities. Click here<\/strong><\/a> to tell your Congress member to act now.<\/p>\n

Beyond Pesticides offers a variety of articles in the archives<\/strong><\/a> detailing the dangers and prevalence of PFAS in biosolids<\/strong><\/a>, pesticides<\/strong><\/a>, and drinking water<\/a>, despite the standards EPA announced in April 2024. Click here<\/strong><\/a> to sign up for action alerts from Beyond Pesticides to take action on PFAS contamination and other environmental issues, and please take a moment to explore Beyond Pesticides\u2019 Tools for Change<\/strong><\/a> webpage to begin your advocacy journey.<\/p>\n

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sources:<\/h4>\n

EPA Sued to Remove PFAS from Biosolid Fertilizers: EPA Neglects Duty to Keep Toxic Forever Chemicals Out of Food and Water<\/a>, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) press release, June 6, 2024<\/p>\n

Lawsuit: James Farmer et al vs US EPA and Michael Reagan, Administrator US EPA, Civil Action No. 24-cv-1654<\/a>, filed US District Court, District of Columbia, June 6, 2024<\/p>\n

Senate Farm Bill draft raises hopes for PFAS-impacted farmers<\/a>, The New Lede, May 25, 2024<\/p>\n

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Biosolids, EPA<\/a> website<\/p>\n

Toxic PFAS in Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant Pollutes Tennessee Land and Water,<\/a> Sierra Club Tennessee Chapter report, February 2024<\/p>\n

Texas Farms Poisoned by PFAS-Laden Biosolid Fertilizers: Johnson County Holds Hearing to Warn Citizens About Synagro\u2019s Biosolids<\/a>, PEER press release, February 16, 2024<\/p>\n

Case study of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from biosolids contaminating farmland in Johnson County, Texas<\/a>, PEER analytical report to Johnson County, Texas, February 21, 2024<\/p>\n

EPA accused of \u2018egregious\u2019 misconduct in PFAS testing of pesticides<\/a>, The Guardian<\/em>, May 28, 2024<\/p>\n

PFAS in Biosolids: A Review of State Efforts & Opportunities for Action<\/a>, The Environmental Council of the States paper, January 27, 2023<\/p>\n

Biosolids or Biohazards?<\/a> Pesticides and You<\/em><\/a>, Beyond Pesticides, Fall 2012<\/p>\n

Hidden Dangers of Biosolids<\/a>, PEER website, December 7, 2022<\/p>\n

PFAS Governance Tracker<\/a>, maintained by The<\/a> PFAS Project Lab<\/a> from Northeastern University\u2019s Social Science Environmental Health Research Institute<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides, June 27, 2024) Earlier this month, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on behalf of a group of ranchers and farmers in Texas harmed by biosolids contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The plaintiffs charge that their health and livelihoods were severely damaged due to contaminated biosolids leaching from neighboring properties onto their land. Despite EPA\u2019s responsibility under the Clean Water Act (Section 405(d) and 40 CFR Part 503) to identify toxic pollutants in biosolids and regulate them to protect human health and the environment, the agency has not effectively addressed the dangers posed by PFAS in biosolid fertilizers. EPA\u2019s failure has dramatic impacts on farmers as well as the public, who are eating or drinking PFAS-contaminated crops, dairy milk, beef, or other meat products. The shortcomings of federal regulations underscore the urgent need for a shift in how federal and state agencies approach these issues, prioritizing precaution to prevent future harm. The persistence of these legacy or “forever” chemicals in the environment illustrates the severe consequences of a historically lax regulatory framework in the U.S.\u00a0 The National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA) has identified […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":35653,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[579,534,483,144,400,196,290,298,44,486,350,629,3,65,519,284,85,354,384,518,494,1496,355,582,356,83,610,628,78,156,1409,573,10,515,1245,275,535,19,1125,189,396,368,12,324],"tags":[1562,482,702,753,680,605,824,1377,751,1717,1248,1715,715,719,1713,1716,1714,1561,1718,716],"class_list":["post-35649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-3m","category-biosolids","category-biosolids-sewage-sludge","category-birth-defects","category-brain-effects","category-cancer","category-cardiovascular-disease","category-chronic-kidney-disease","category-colorado","category-compost","category-contamination-2","category-death","category-diseasehealth-effects","category-dow","category-drinking-water","category-dupont","category-endocrine-disruption","category-environmental-protection-agency-epa","category-fertilizer","category-groundwater","category-herbicides","category-inhance-technologies","category-kidney-failure","category-liver-damage","category-liver-failure","category-maine","category-metabolic-disorders","category-metabolic-syndrome-diseasehealth-effects","category-michigan","category-miscarriage","category-nosb-national-organic-standards-board","category-office-of-inspector-general","category-pesticide-regulation","category-pfas","category-plastic","category-reproductive-health","category-sewage-sludge","category-statelocal","category-synthetic-fertilizer","category-texas","category-toxic-waste","category-us-department-of-agriculture-usda","category-water","category-water-regulation","tag-biosolids","tag-biosolids-sewage-sludge","tag-chemical-exposure","tag-chemical-fertilizer","tag-clean-water-act","tag-epa","tag-exposure","tag-farmers","tag-fertilizer","tag-healthy-h2o-act","tag-human-health","tag-industrial-waste","tag-pfas","tag-pfoa","tag-pfoe","tag-relief-for-farmers-hit-with-pfas-act","tag-synagro","tag-synthetic-fertilizer","tag-wastewater","tag-water-contamination"],"yoast_head":"\nBiosolid 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