{"id":36360,"date":"2024-09-11T00:01:13","date_gmt":"2024-09-11T04:01:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=36360"},"modified":"2024-09-12T09:17:25","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T13:17:25","slug":"continued-decline-in-insect-species-biodiversity-with-agricultural-pesticide-use-documented","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2024\/09\/continued-decline-in-insect-species-biodiversity-with-agricultural-pesticide-use-documented\/","title":{"rendered":"Continued Decline in Insect Species Biodiversity with Agricultural Pesticide Use Documented"},"content":{"rendered":"

(<\/span>Beyond Pesticides<\/span><\/i>, September 11, 2024) A literature review in <\/span>Environments<\/span><\/i><\/a>, written by researchers from South Korea and Ghana, highlights the threat to nontarget species and the <\/span>biodiversity<\/span><\/a> of insects that occur as a result of agricultural pesticide use. \u201cInsects have experienced a greater species abundance decline than birds, plants, and other organisms, which could pose a significant challenge to global ecosystem management. Although other factors such as urbanisation, deforestation, monoculture, and industrialisation may have contributed to the <\/span>decline in insect species<\/span><\/a>, the extensive application of agro-chemicals appears to cause the most serious threat,\u201d the authors state. The so-called \u201cinsect apocalypse\u201d has been reported with one-quarter of the global <\/span>insect population lost<\/span><\/a> since 1990.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The authors, seeking to summarize the decline in insect <\/span>species richness and abundance<\/span><\/a>, link reliance on petrochemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers to cascading negative impacts. Insects provide many important services, such as maintaining healthy soil, recycling nutrients, pollinating flowers and crops, and controlling pests. These <\/span>nontarget and beneficial species<\/span><\/a> are at risk through pesticide exposure, both directly and indirectly, which then affects these essential functions. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cExtensive and indiscriminate pesticide application on a commercial scale affects insect species abundance and non-target organisms by interfering with their growth, development, behaviour, and other metabolic and physiological processes,\u201d the researchers find, based on their analysis of peer-reviewed scientific studies. The pesticide residues that contaminate plants and insects that provide a food source for other organisms can lead to population effects throughout multiple <\/span>trophic levels<\/span><\/a>. Since the active ingredients in pesticides can affect a wide range of taxonomic groups, they cause harm to numerous species rather than just the target species. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As the authors state, \u201cChemical residues pose a significant threat to species richness and abundance… For instance, the efficacy of [the weed killer] <\/span>glyphosate<\/span><\/a> requires plants to absorb its residues through their leaves or roots when applied. However, if glyphosate is accidentally spread on the ground, it is absorbed into soil particles and may remain active, threatening other species if not absorbed by the plant.\u201d Whether nontarget insects are sprayed directly during pesticide application or are exposed to residues after spraying, this puts them at risk. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPesticides are known to be harmful to insects, with direct mortality frequently reported, with nontarget insects being the most vulnerable when compared to other insects,\u201d the researchers comment. They continue, \u201cThese pesticides work directly by disrupting the insect\u2019s <\/span>nervous system<\/span><\/a> or damaging its exoskeleton, causing paralysis and death.\u201d With an increase in pesticide use, there is also an increase in related <\/span>insect mortality<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As <\/span>Dave Goulson<\/span><\/a>, PhD<\/span> says, an <\/span>insect apocalypse<\/span><\/a> is occurring that threatens all ecosystems. In an essay in <\/span>Current Biology<\/span><\/i><\/a>, he states, \u201cInsects are integral to every terrestrial food web, being food for numerous birds, bats, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and performing vital roles such as pollination, pest control and nutrient recycling. Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems will collapse without insects… we may have failed to appreciate the full scale and pace of environmental degradation caused by human activities in the Anthropocene.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The literature review authors reinforce this by saying, \u201cThe widespread use of pesticides in agricultural production has been identified as the <\/span>primary cause<\/span><\/a> of the overall loss of insect species and individual numbers\u201d and studies show that insect declines appear to be much greater than those observed in birds or plants. \u201cFor instance, in <\/span>71% of butterfly species in Britain<\/span><\/a>, the total number of individuals has decreased over 20 years, compared to birds (54% over 20 years), and plant species (28% over 20 years),\u201d they note.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Direct pesticide exposure to insects causes changes within species and at the population level. The authors share examples: \u201cNeonicotinoids <\/span>increased bee and butterfly mortality<\/span><\/a> while reducing their behaviour and survival. Glyphosate exposure caused changes in <\/span>bees\u2019 gut microbiome<\/span><\/a>, leaving them vulnerable. In the United Kingdom, the direct effects of pesticides reduced butterfly species richness on conventional farms more than on <\/span>organic farms<\/span><\/a>.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Additional studies show the same concerning statistical trend for many <\/span>pollinator species<\/span><\/a> such as 45 butterfly species in <\/span>Belgium, which<\/span> declined by nearly 69%, and 733 moth species in the <\/span>Netherlands, which <\/span>declined by 85%, <\/span>over the past century<\/span>. 38% of these declining species are listed as threatened and 34% as susceptible by the <\/span>European Red List of Threatened Species<\/span><\/a>. (See original studies <\/span>here<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>here<\/span><\/a>.) <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Effects of pesticides on <\/span>species of bees<\/span><\/a> are also heavily documented. \u201cAgricultural intensification, chemical fertilisers, and pesticide application have been identified as the primary causes of bee species richness and abundance <\/span>declines in Sweden<\/span><\/a>. A <\/span>comparable decline was observed<\/span><\/a> in Europe (46% <\/span>Bombus<\/span><\/i> species), North America (50% of the 14 bumble bee species), Brazil (63%), Costa Rica (60%) and Finland (23%), China (3\u201313%), South Africa (29%), and Minnesota (11 stingless bees) as a result of extensive herbicide application,\u201d the researchers state.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Varying effects on bee species are noted, as each species can have drastically <\/span>different sensitivity<\/span><\/a> to different chemicals. There are approximately <\/span>4,000 native bee species<\/span><\/a> in the United States and <\/span>hundreds of registered pesticides<\/span><\/a>, each with the potential to negatively impact multiple species. \u201cHistorical records from 382 geographical areas in the United States show that 3.5 million out of 6.0 million honey bee populations have declined, representing a <\/span>0.9% loss per year<\/span><\/a>,\u201d the authors report, which they attribute to the use of pesticides on croplands. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Many other insects<\/span>, such as\u00a0Odonata<\/em> (e.g., dragonflies), are also affected<\/span>, which are important for pest control and <\/span>mosquito management<\/span><\/a>. \u201cA previous study found that <\/span>118 aquatic insect species were threatened<\/span><\/a>, with <\/span>Odonata<\/span><\/i> species accounting for 90%. A long-term comprehensive study found that 52 species of <\/span>dragonflies<\/span><\/a> and damselflies are declining in the United States, 15% of <\/span>Odonata<\/span><\/i> species are endangered, with two species of damselflies and dragonflies being highly vulnerable to extinction in Europe, and 57 <\/span>Odonata<\/span><\/i> species are declining in Japan,\u201d the researchers specify. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Also of concern is the increased vulnerability to diseases, pathogens, and parasites that occur with exposure to pesticides. \u201cResearch shows that extensive and consistent application of insecticides stimulates the incidence of viral diseases and pathogens among insect pollinators. For instance, honey bees that fed on a <\/span>neonicotinoid<\/span><\/a>– and <\/span>fipronil<\/span><\/a>-treated field experienced <\/span>higher pathogen infestation<\/span><\/a>, reducing their population,\u201d the authors say. An additional study, <\/span>previously covered by Beyond Pesticides<\/span><\/a>, shows that neonicotinoids can increase parasitism from <\/span>Varroa<\/span><\/i> mites in honey bees.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The rapid decline in a myriad of insect species coincides with growing agricultural production demands due to a global increase in the human population. Estimates expect the population to reach over <\/span>9.7 billion by 2050,<\/span><\/a> which only exacerbates the <\/span>biodiversity crisis<\/span><\/a>. According to the researchers, \u201cThe average pesticide usage worldwide is estimated to be 4.4 kg\/ha per year, with agriculture accounting for roughly <\/span>one-fifth of the Earth\u2019s land area<\/span><\/a>. As a result, insect diversity and other ecosystem services are severely threatened.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pesticide usage in recent years has seen tremendous growth. \u201cIn 2022, the total pesticides used in agriculture was 3.70 million tonnes, representing a 4% increase from 2021, a 13% increase over a decade, and a doubling since 1990,\u201d the authors note. These pesticides, such as <\/span>malathion<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>methamidophos<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>abamectin<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>acetamiprid<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>imidacloprid<\/span><\/a>, and <\/span>acephate<\/span><\/a>, are <\/span>reported to be toxic<\/span><\/a> to both target and nontarget insects, while other insecticides have been found to affect bugs (e.g., sucking insects), wild bees, and moth populations <\/span>without impacting the actual target pests<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

With large numbers of insects at risk, the reliance on pesticides in agriculture and land management threatens <\/span>biodiversity<\/span><\/a>. \u201cBiodiversity is a key driver of ecosystem services… and thus it must be protected for current and future generations,\u201d the authors state. Within this context, <\/span>organic agriculture<\/span><\/a> provides a holistic solution for enhancing and protecting biodiversity<\/span>. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Managing land with organic methods provides multiple <\/span>health<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>environmental benefits<\/span><\/a>, and studies indicate \u201cthat it can increase species richness by approximately 34% and abundance by around 50%. Organic farming promotes biodiversity by increasing the abundance and variety of plant and insect species. This, in turn, can lead to enhanced biological control, as more predators can help regulate pest populations,\u201d the researchers conclude. (See studies <\/span>here<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>here<\/span><\/a>.)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Promoting <\/span>ecological balance and restoring biodiversity<\/span><\/a> can be achieved through the elimination of petrochemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers and with the adoption of organic practices. Studies show that organic farming has <\/span>five times higher plant biodiversity and 20 times higher insect species richness<\/span><\/a> compared to conventional farming and that <\/span>higher biodiversity of insects<\/span><\/a> is seen in fields with <\/span>genetically diverse crops<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As <\/span>previously reported by Beyond Pesticides<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>studies<\/span><\/a> upon <\/span>studies<\/span><\/a> upon <\/span>studies<\/span><\/a> show that pesticides are a major contributor to the loss of insect biomass and diversity known as the \u201cinsect apocalypse,\u201d particularly <\/span>in combination with climate change<\/span><\/a>. Insects are important as pollinators and as part of the food web that supports all life, so the loss of insects is a threat to life on Earth. Take action to <\/span>protect biodiversity<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>keep organic strong<\/span><\/a> with a focus on the health of all organisms.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Be part of the organic solution by <\/span>becoming a member<\/span><\/a> of Beyond Pesticides and stay informed with the <\/span>Daily News Blog<\/span><\/a>. Join the <\/span>Parks for a Sustainable Future<\/span><\/a> program as a <\/span>Parks Advocate<\/span><\/a> to transition your community to organic and make <\/span>The Safer Choice<\/span><\/a> to avoid hazardous home, garden, community, and food use pesticides.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.\u00a0<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Source<\/span><\/b>:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Quandahor, P. et al. (2024) Effects of agricultural pesticides on decline in insect species and individual numbers, <\/span>Environments<\/span><\/i>. Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/11\/8\/182<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides, September 11, 2024) A literature review in Environments, written by researchers from South Korea and Ghana, highlights the threat to nontarget species and the biodiversity of insects that occur as a result of agricultural pesticide use. \u201cInsects have experienced a greater species abundance decline than birds, plants, and other organisms, which could pose a significant challenge to global ecosystem management. Although other factors such as urbanisation, deforestation, monoculture, and industrialisation may have contributed to the decline in insect species, the extensive application of agro-chemicals appears to cause the most serious threat,\u201d the authors state. The so-called \u201cinsect apocalypse\u201d has been reported with one-quarter of the global insect population lost since 1990.\u00a0 The authors, seeking to summarize the decline in insect species richness and abundance, link reliance on petrochemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers to cascading negative impacts. Insects provide many important services, such as maintaining healthy soil, recycling nutrients, pollinating flowers and crops, and controlling pests. These nontarget and beneficial species are at risk through pesticide exposure, both directly and indirectly, which then affects these essential functions. \u00a0 \u201cExtensive and indiscriminate pesticide application on a commercial scale affects insect species abundance and non-target organisms by interfering with their growth, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":36363,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[249,2,348,352,565,6,93,13],"tags":[1540,292,691,916,1840,442,1841,667],"class_list":["post-36360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","category-alternativesorganics","category-beneficials","category-biodiversity","category-ecosystem-services","category-international","category-pollinators","category-wildlifeenvironment","tag-beneficial-insects","tag-biodiversity","tag-ecosystem-services","tag-insect-apocalypse","tag-non-target-organisms","tag-pollinators","tag-population-decline","tag-wildlife"],"yoast_head":"\nContinued Decline in Insect Species Biodiversity with Agricultural Pesticide Use Documented - Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Agricultural pesticide use continues 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Pesticides\"},\"description\":\"Beyond Pesticides is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., which works with allies in protecting public health and the environment to lead the transition to a world free of toxic pesticides. The founders, who established Beyond Pesticides (originally as National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides) as a nonprofit membership organization in 1981, felt that without the existence of such an organized, national network, local, state and national pesticide policy would become, under chemical industry pressure, increasingly unresponsive to public health and environmental concerns. Beyond Pesticides believes that people must have a voice in decisions that affect them directly. We believe decisions should not be made for us by chemical companies or by decision-makers who either do not have all of the facts or refuse to consider them. Learn more about our work, read A Year in Review\u20142021, our accomplishments are your victories! Beyond Pesticides seeks to protect healthy air, water, land, and food for ourselves and future generations. By forging ties with governments, nonprofits, and people who rely on these natural resources, we reduce the need for unnecessary pesticide use and protect public health and the environment. Beyond Pesticides provides hands-on services to the public and supports local action by: identifying and interpreting hazards; and, designing safe pest management programs. With the information provided by Beyond Pesticides, people may not only be able to make informed choices and adopt practices that protect themselves and their families from unnecessary exposure to pesticides, but they will be able to effect changes on community-wide pest management decisions and policies that govern pesticide use, such as pesticide uses in parks, schools, for community insect control and along roadsides. 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