{"id":36975,"date":"2024-11-13T00:01:59","date_gmt":"2024-11-13T05:01:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/?p=36975"},"modified":"2024-11-12T16:27:08","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T21:27:08","slug":"glyphosate-and-mixtures-in-test-animals-show-lethal-and-sublethal-effects-to-embryos-highlights-regulatory-deficiencies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondpesticides.org\/dailynewsblog\/2024\/11\/glyphosate-and-mixtures-in-test-animals-show-lethal-and-sublethal-effects-to-embryos-highlights-regulatory-deficiencies\/","title":{"rendered":"Glyphosate Mixtures Show Lethal and Sublethal Effects to Embryos, Highlights Regulatory Deficiencies"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides<\/em>, November 13, 2024) A study in Chemosphere<\/a>, conducted by researchers from the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Germany, reveals the varied lethal and sublethal effects of different glyphosate mixtures through tests on the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis <\/em>(X. laevis<\/em>). After exposing embryos to four glyphosate formulations, mortality, morphological defects, altered heartbeat rate, and impaired heart-specific gene expression are observed. Glyphosate, an herbicide and popular weed killer in many Roundup\u00ae products, is one of the most commonly detected pesticides in waterbodies<\/a> worldwide, threatening aquatic organisms and overall biodiversity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This study investigates the effects of Glyphosat TF, Durano TF, Helosate 450 TF, and Kyleo, four formulations containing glyphosate, as compared to the effects of pure glyphosate on embryonic development in amphibians. The formulations consist of varying concentrations of the active ingredient glyphosate, as well as other active and inert ingredients<\/a>. The authors share that, \u201cGlyphosat TF contains 34% glyphosate and 10\u201320% d-glucopyranose, while Durano contains 39\u201344% glyphosate and 1\u20135% N\u2013N-dimethyl-C12-C14-(even numbered)-alkyl-1-amines. In Helosate most of the ingredients are listed – 50\u201370% glyphosate, 1\u201310% isopropylamine, 1\u20133% lauryl dimethyl betaine, 0.25\u20131% dodecyl dimethylamine. Kyleo only lists the active ingredients glyphosate (27.9%) and 2,4-D (32%).\u201d<\/p>\n

2-cell stage embryos<\/a> (early stage of embryonic development) were utilized as the exposure start point to assess embryo developmental effects within the pesticide solutions. All solutions were prepared with glyphosate concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg\/L. \u201cThe exposure of embryos to 0.01\u201310 mg\/L glyphosate reflects environmentally relevant concentrations already measured in different countries, with 100 mg\/L glyphosate representing \u2018worst-case\u2019 scenarios (e.g., incorrect handling or improper disposal), but already measured in water bodies in Argentina<\/a>,\u201d the researchers state.<\/p>\n

Embryos were observed for death every 30 minutes for the first two hours after the start of exposure, and then every 24 hours until they reached stage 44\/45<\/a>. Surviving organisms were analyzed for their general morphological phenotype and potential developmental retardation, as well as embryo mobility, heart rate measurements, immunostaining of the heart, brain and heart measurements, gene expression analysis, and cell apoptosis.<\/p>\n

Lethal effects are seen with many of the formulations during the first few days of exposure. \u201c100% embryo mortality was detected after four days (NF-stage 30<\/a>) of exposure to 100 mg\/L glyphosate in Durano,\u201d the authors note. Three days of exposure to 100 mg\/L glyphosate in Helosate also shows 100% mortality. Embryos exposed to Kyleo have the most severe lethal effects, as \u201cexposure to Kyleo containing 100 mg\/L glyphosate caused 100% mortality within two days (NF-stage 15<\/a>), while even at 10 mg\/L Kyleo exposure led to 96% mortality after five days (NF-stage 33\/34<\/a>).\u201d \u00a0<\/p>\n

In the surviving organisms, the formulations result in malformations such as reduced eye and head size. These sublethal concentrations are also linked to impaired heart morphology and function, as well as altered expression of heart-specific genes. As compared to the control group, a reduction of the embryos\u2019 heart rate after exposure to all four glyphosate formulations is also seen.<\/p>\n

Expression of key cardiogenic genes (mhc\u03b1<\/em>, mef2d,<\/em> and tnni3<\/em>) aids in heart muscle cell differentiation and is critical for development. In exposing embryos to each of the four formulations, expression intensity and area were altered for these genes. The researchers report, \u201c[E]xposure to Durano (0.1 mg\/L glyphosate) increased the intensity of mhc\u03b1<\/em> expression… Exposure to 0.1 mg\/L glyphosate in Helosate led to an increase in the area and intensity of mhc\u03b1<\/em> expression.\u201d<\/p>\n

Exposure to 0.1 mg\/L glyphosate in both Glyphosat TF and Kyleo led to reduced intensity of mef2d<\/em> expression. \u201cHelosate (0.1 mg\/L glyphosate), on the other hand, resulted in an increase in mef2d<\/em> expression intensity,\u201d the authors say. The gene tnni3<\/em> showed a reduced expression intensity with 0.1 mg\/L glyphosate in both Glyphosat TF and Helosate, and helosate exposure also led to an increase in apoptotic cells with the embryos. A study in 2022<\/a> has shown that glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) like Roundup\u00ae induce DNA damage and alter biological mechanisms (gene regulatory microRNAs [miRNAs or miRs]) associated with cancer development (See more on altered genes here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

\u201cExposure to glyphosate-based herbicides investigated in present study altered the expression levels (area and intensity) of the genes mhc\u03b1<\/em>, mef2d<\/em> and tnni3<\/em> to varying degrees depending on the specific formulation,\u201d the researchers find. \u201cDespite the differences in gene expression among formulations, all showed significant deviations from control embryos, confirming that these formulations disrupt cardiac differentiation in X. laevis<\/em> embryos.\u201d Altering the embryos of X. laevis <\/em>down to a molecular level shows the adverse effects of glyphosate and its formulations on key species that can ripple throughout the ecosystem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe present study confirmed that glyphosate formulations can have both lethal and sublethal effects on X. laevis<\/em> embryos. The different formulations selected for exposure experiments showed varying degrees of lethal effects at the same concentrations of the active ingredient glyphosate,\u201d the researchers summarize. With the varied results, the authors hypothesize that the other ingredients play a role in toxicity. \u201cThe high lethal effect of the Kyleo formulation (starting at 10 mg\/L glyphosate) may be due to the addition of the second active ingredient 2,4-D<\/a> as this herbicidal active ingredient mimics the plant growth hormone auxin and overstimulates cell division leading to plant death,\u201d they postulate. \u201c[W]e attribute the high mortality observed with Kyleo primarily to a combination effect of different ingredients (glyphosate, 2,4-D<\/a>, and other ingredients) in the formulation and not to glyphosate alone.\u201d<\/p>\n

Currently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performs risk assessments on individual active ingredients, ignoring the potential synergistic effects<\/a> of pesticide mixtures<\/a>. Beyond Pesticides has long documented how synergy<\/a> should be included in all pesticide registration processes, as well as the regulatory failures of EPA. (See more here<\/a> and here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

This study confirms that glyphosate formulations have a stronger effect on X. laevis<\/em> embryogenesis than pure glyphosate, leading the authors to conclude that \u201cit is crucial to evaluate the active ingredient and the co-formulations independently, as well as the combined, commercially available products, during pesticide risk assessments and renewal procedures of agrochemicals. The severe global decline of amphibians<\/a>, partly due to herbicide use, highlights the need for strict and efficient monitoring of environmental pesticide loads and application areas.\u201d (See previous coverage here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

Formulations containing glyphosate as the active ingredient also incorporate other, often undisclosed, co-formulants. These additional components could alter or intensify the toxicity towards organisms like X. laevis<\/em>. \u201cTo date, the herbicide glyphosate and its various formulations have been widely studied in laboratory, driven by the increasing concerns over their unanticipated effects on a wide range of non-target organisms (from soil microbes<\/a> to vertebrates) and their potential risks they pose to human health<\/a>,\u201d the researchers emphasize. \u201cNevertheless, uncertainties remain regarding their toxicity and effects on aquatic non-target organisms.\u201d<\/p>\n

These uncertainties are threatening the health of all organisms, as well as the stability of both aquatic and terrestrial food webs<\/a>. This study \u201chighlights the importance of evaluating not only the active ingredients but also their combinations in formulations before new authorizations or renewals are granted,\u201d the researchers note. \u201cGiven the substantial variation in lethal concentrations across different amphibian species<\/a>, it is crucial to investigate the effects of herbicides, and more generally pesticides, across a diverse range of taxa to safeguard wildlife<\/a> and ecosystem stability.\u201d<\/p>\n

Biodiversity loss<\/a> is one of the major and escalating crises today. Impacts on biodiversity<\/a> cascade to all natural ecosystems and the essential services they provide. \u201cAmphibians are the most severely affected group of all vertebrates, with 40.7% of species<\/a> facing an acute risk of extinction,\u201d the authors state. With pesticide residues entering water bodies via various routes like spray drift, leaching, and run-off, these impacts on aquatic species need to be prioritized in risk assessments.<\/p>\n

The current dependence on petrochemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers subjects all humans and wildlife to chemicals that bring a myriad of health effects. There is a wide body of science linking pesticide exposure to asthma\/respiratory effects<\/a>, birth\/fetal effects<\/a>, brain and nervous system disorders<\/a>, cancer<\/a>, sexual and reproductive dysfunction<\/a>, learning\/developmental disorders<\/a>, diabetes<\/a>, immune system disorders<\/a>, and endocrine disruption<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As the researchers state, \u201cHerbicides, including glyphosate-based formulations, have been widely suggested to act as endocrine disruptors, which is especially critical given the key role of thyroid hormones during the amphibian metamorphosis.\u201d (See additional studies here<\/a> and here<\/a>.) Take action<\/a> to tell EPA that it must consider all data concerning endocrine disruption and must not register pesticides without sufficient data to demonstrate no unreasonable adverse endocrine risk.<\/p>\n

National Forum<\/strong><\/p>\n

To learn more, plan to attend Beyond Pesticides’ 41st National Forum, Imperatives for a Sustainable Future<\/a><\/em>! The second session, on Thursday, November 14, 2024, at 1 PM (EST), is with Tracey Woodruff, PhD, MPH<\/a>, the director of the Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Woodruff’s work focuses on uncovering and addressing environmental determinants of disease and health inequities, and she has written groundbreaking material on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Dr. Woodruff is the author of \u201cHealth Effects of Fossil Fuel\u2013Derived Endocrine Disruptors<\/a>,\u201d published earlier this year in The New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Roundtable Discussion <\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Woodruff’s talk will be followed by a roundtable with panelists, including a former senior scientist focusing on ecosystem effects, a breast cancer activist, and a farmworker advocate who will share their experience and insight into both the regulation of hazardous materials (including endocrine disrupting chemicals) and strategies for connecting science (and the power of those adversely affected) to decisions that eliminate hazards\u2014recognizing disproportionate risk to people of color. Tapping the experiences of the panelists, this discussion brings together strategic thinking that supports efforts by individuals and organizations to transition away from petrochemicals from a range of perspectives and a broadening of coalition efforts. The panelists include: Les Touart, PhD, senior science and policy advisor, Beyond Pesticides\u2014former senior EPA\u00a0 biologist and member of EPA\u2019s Endocrine\u202fDisruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee; Janet Nudelman, director of program and policy, Breast Cancer Prevention Partners<\/a>\u00a0(BCPP); Mily Trevi\u00f1o-Sauceda, executive director and co-founder of Alianza Nacional de Campesinas, Inc.<\/a>, the first national grassroots farmworker women\u2019s organization; and her colleague, Amy Tamayo, national policy and advocacy director, Alianza Nacional de Campesinas. Jay Feldman, executive director of Beyond Pesticides, will moderate.<\/p>\n

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. <\/em><\/p>\n

Source<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Flach, H. et al. (2024) Glyphosate formulations cause mortality and diverse sublethal defects during embryonic development of the amphibian Xenopus laevis<\/em>, Chemosphere<\/em>. Available at: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0045653524025244<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Beyond Pesticides, November 13, 2024) A study in Chemosphere, conducted by researchers from the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Germany, reveals the varied lethal and sublethal effects of different glyphosate mixtures through tests on the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (X. laevis). After exposing embryos to four glyphosate formulations, mortality, morphological defects, altered heartbeat rate, and impaired heart-specific gene expression are observed. Glyphosate, an herbicide and popular weed killer in many Roundup\u00ae products, is one of the most commonly detected pesticides in waterbodies worldwide, threatening aquatic organisms and overall biodiversity. This study investigates the effects of Glyphosat TF, Durano TF, Helosate 450 TF, and Kyleo, four formulations containing glyphosate, as compared to the effects of pure glyphosate on embryonic development in amphibians. The formulations consist of varying concentrations of the active ingredient glyphosate, as well as other active and inert ingredients. The authors share that, \u201cGlyphosat TF contains 34% glyphosate and 10\u201320% d-glucopyranose, while Durano contains 39\u201344% glyphosate and 1\u20135% N\u2013N-dimethyl-C12-C14-(even numbered)-alkyl-1-amines. In Helosate most of the ingredients are listed – 50\u201370% glyphosate, 1\u201310% isopropylamine, 1\u20133% lauryl dimethyl betaine, 0.25\u20131% dodecyl dimethylamine. Kyleo only lists the active ingredients glyphosate (27.9%) and 2,4-D (32%).\u201d 2-cell stage embryos (early […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":36977,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89,375,352,1213,629,293,1200,85,354,484,41,494,488,421],"tags":[1624,1661,292,1625,444,605,1704,1003,1649,470,1210,1925,1662,1926,1664,1663,716],"class_list":["post-36975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-24-d","category-aquatic-organisms","category-biodiversity","category-chemical-mixtures","category-death","category-developmental-disorders","category-dna-damage","category-endocrine-disruption","category-environmental-protection-agency-epa","category-epigenetic","category-glyphosate","category-herbicides","category-pesticide-mixtures","category-synergistic-effects","tag-amphibians","tag-aquatic-organisms","tag-biodiversity","tag-developmental-effects","tag-endocrine-disruption","tag-epa","tag-epa-failure","tag-epigenetic","tag-gene-mutation","tag-glyphosate","tag-glyphosate-based-herbicides","tag-lethal","tag-pesticide-mixtures","tag-sublethal","tag-synergistic-effects","tag-synergy","tag-water-contamination"],"yoast_head":"\nGlyphosate 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Pesticides\"},\"description\":\"Beyond Pesticides is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., which works with allies in protecting public health and the environment to lead the transition to a world free of toxic pesticides. The founders, who established Beyond Pesticides (originally as National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides) as a nonprofit membership organization in 1981, felt that without the existence of such an organized, national network, local, state and national pesticide policy would become, under chemical industry pressure, increasingly unresponsive to public health and environmental concerns. Beyond Pesticides believes that people must have a voice in decisions that affect them directly. We believe decisions should not be made for us by chemical companies or by decision-makers who either do not have all of the facts or refuse to consider them. Learn more about our work, read A Year in Review\u20142021, our accomplishments are your victories! Beyond Pesticides seeks to protect healthy air, water, land, and food for ourselves and future generations. By forging ties with governments, nonprofits, and people who rely on these natural resources, we reduce the need for unnecessary pesticide use and protect public health and the environment. Beyond Pesticides provides hands-on services to the public and supports local action by: identifying and interpreting hazards; and, designing safe pest management programs. With the information provided by Beyond Pesticides, people may not only be able to make informed choices and adopt practices that protect themselves and their families from unnecessary exposure to pesticides, but they will be able to effect changes on community-wide pest management decisions and policies that govern pesticide use, such as pesticide uses in parks, schools, for community insect control and along roadsides. 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