Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management

Beyond Pesticides offers resources below to evaluate the health and ecological effects of specific chemical exposure from ACTIVE INGREDIENTS in pesticide products, as well as regulatory information and supporting scientific documents. Because various pesticide products can contain more than one active ingredient, it is important to READ the LABEL to determine chemical components.

With 192 different active ingredients and counting, it is essential to establish the connection between the use of these chemicals and their respective hazards.

View the step-by-step guide on how to search for the active ingredient(s) in pesticide products below:

1. Go to U.S. EPA's Pesticide Product and Label System and enter the product name. The generic product name may vary.
   
2. After searching, click on the chemical ingredients tab or the link for the most recent label to find Active Ingredients.
                Chemical List                                            Label List 
   
   If one selects the chemical ingredients tab, skip to Step 4 . If not, proceed to step number 3
   
   
3. To find the active ingredient(s) on the label, search for the page in the document containing the date of registration. Usually, the active ingredients section occurs within the first few pages of the label document.
   
   
4. Return to the Beyond Pesticides Gateway and search for the active ingredient name in the yellow box to the right or from the list below. 
   
   

Updates from the Daily News Blog

Study Finds Disproportionate Risk of Respiratory Effects in Latino School-Aged Children in California
October 15, 2024

EPA Proposal for Chlorpyrifos Use, After Court Decision, Backtracks on Safety and Protection of Children
October 10, 2024

Study Links Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals to Thyroid Dysfunction with Grave Health Effects
October 8, 2024

Study Shows Disproportionate Pesticide Exposure and Resulting DNA Damage to Latinx Farmworker Children
September 26, 2024

Over 300 Pesticides Identified in Contaminated Bee Pollen Around the World
September 18, 2024

Scientific Literature Review Again Links Pesticides to a Range of Illnesses and Ecological Decline
September 4, 2024

Review of Pesticide Residues in Human Urine, Lower Concentrations with Organic Diet
August 21, 2024

Recent Studies Continue To Highlight Connection Between Depression and Suicide in Pesticide-Exposed Farmers
July 2, 2024

Literature Review Compiles Decades of Research Finding Linkage to Pesticide Exposure and Breast Cancer
June 11, 2024

ALS Risk Elevated from Toxic Petrochemical Landscape Pesticides, Study Adds to Previous Findings
April 18, 2024

ALL RELATED STORIES >>

Chlorpyrifos

General Information

• Fact Sheet: Chlorpyrifos.pdf
• Product Names:

  Chemsico roach control (Chemiso)
  Pyrinex mole cricket bait (Micro-Flo)
  Dursban (Dow AgroSciences)
  Lorsban (Dow AgroSciences)
  Ortho Ant Stop (Solaris Group), formulated with Calcium silicate, Aromatic petroleum distillates
  Ortho Dursban Lawn & Garden Insect Control (Solaris Group), formulated with Calcium silicate
  Bonide Termite & Carpenter Ant Dust (Bonide Products)
  Raid Ant Bait (SC Johnson)
  Hot Shot Maxattrax Roach Bait (Spectrum Brands) 

• Chemical Class: Organophosphate insecticide
• Uses: food and feed crops, golf courses, as a non-structural wood treatment, and as an adult mosquitocide
• Alternatives: Agriculture, Nonresidential buildings
• Beyond Pesticides rating: Toxic

Health and Environmental Effects

• Cancer: Not documented
• Endocrine Disruption: Yes (30)
• Reproductive Effects: Yes (6)
• Neurotoxicity: Yes (8)
• Kidney/Liver Damage: Yes (17)
• Sensitizer/ Irritant: Yes (4)
• Birth/Developmental: Yes (6)
• Detected in Groundwater: Yes (6)
• Potential Leacher: Yes (6)
• Toxic to Birds: Yes (8)
• Toxic to Fish/Aquatic Organisms: Yes (8, 111)
• Toxic to Bees: Yes (8)

Residential Uses as Found in the ManageSafe™ Database

• Tree-boring Caterpillars
• Wasps and Yellowjackets
• Carpenter Bees
• Cockroaches
• Bed Bugs
• Ticks

Additional Information

• Regulatory Status:
  • Tolerance Revocations: Chlorpyrifos (2021)
  • Beyond Pesticides' California Department of Pesticide Regulation Human Health Effects comments (2017)
  • Beyond Pesticides' comments on EPA Tolerance Revocations (2017)
  • EPA denies a petition requesting that EPA revoke all tolerances for the pesticide chlorpyrifos (2017)
  • EPA Requests for Columbia Study's Data (2017)
  • Revised 2016 Human Health Risk Assessment
  • NMFS Biological Opinion for Pesticides: Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, and Malathion (2017)
  • EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) signed (7/2006)
  • Beyond Pesticides' EPA Risk Assessment comments (2000)
• Supporting information:
  • Daily News Blog entries (Beyond Pesticides)
  • Widely Used Pesticide in Food Production Damages Children’s Brains (Beyond Pesticides, 2017)
  • Asthma, Children and Pesticides (Beyond Pesticides)
  • The Low Down on Dursban (Beyond Pesticides)
  • Alternatives to Using Chlorpyrifos (Beyond Pesticides)
  • Safer Choice (Beyond Pesticides)
  • NCAP Chlorpyrifos Factsheet (Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides)
  • Extoxnet Chlorpyrifos Factsheet (Extension Toxicology Network)
  • PAN Pesticides Database:Chlorpyrifos (Pesticide Action Network)
• Studies:
  • Effects of chlorpyrifos on the crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei Duarte-Restrepo, E., Jaramillo-Colorado, B.E. and Duarte-Jaramillo, L., 2020. PloS one, 15(4), p.e0231310.
  • Brain anomalies in children exposed prenatally to a common organophosphate pesticide. Rauh VA, Perera FP, Horton MK, et al. 2012. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(20):7871-6.
  • Chlorpyrifos exposure and urban residential environment characteristics as determinants of early childhood neurodevelopment. Lovasi GS, Quinn JW, Rauh VA, et al. 2011. Am J Public Health. 101(1):63-70.
  • Impact of prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure on neurodevelopment in the first 3 years of life among inner-city children. Rauh VA, Garfinkel R, Perera FP, et al. 2006. Pediatrics.118(6):e1845-59.
  • Long-term sex selective hormonal and behavior alterations in mice exposed to low doses of chlorpyrifos in utero. Haviland, J. A., Butz, D. E., Porter, W.P. 2009. Reproductive Toxicology. 29(1):74-79
  • Top 15 Farmworker Poison
  • 7-Year Neurodevelopmental Scores and Prenatal Exposure to Chlorpyrifos, a Common Agricultural Pesticide. Rauh V, Arunajadai S, Horton M, Perera F, Hoepner L, Barr DB, et al. 2011. Environ Health Perspect. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003160
  • A pilot study of pesticides and PCBs in the breast milk of women residing in urban and agricultural communities of California.. Weldon RH, Barr DB, Trujillo C, et al. 2011. J Environ Monit. 13(11):3136-44.
  • Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos caused NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in a striatal cell model of Huntington’s disease. Dominah, G.A., McMinimy, R.A., Kallon, S. and Kwakye, G.F., 2017. Neurotoxicology, 60, pp.54-69.
  • ADHD-like behaviour in the offspring of female rats exposed to low chlorpyrifos doses before pregnancy. Grabovska S, Salyha Y. 2015. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 66(2):121-7
  • Adulthood dietary exposure to a common pesticide leads to an obese-like phenotype and a diabetic profile in apoE3 mice.. Peris-Sampedro F, Cabré M, Basaure P, Reverte I, et al. 2015. Environ Res. 142:169-76
  • Agreement of pesticide biomarkers between morning void and 24-h urine samples from farmers and their children. Scher, D. et al. 2007, J. Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology; 17, 350–357
  • Assessment of genetic effects and pesticide exposure of farmers in NW Greece. Moshou, H., Karakitsou, A., Yfanti, F., Hela, D., Vlastos, D., Paschalidou, A.K., Kassomenos, P. and Petrou, I., 2020. Environmental Research, p.109558.
  • Anthropogenic stressors impact fish sensory development and survival via thyroid disruption. Besson, M., Feeney, W.E., Moniz, I., François, L., Brooker, R.M., Holzer, G., Metian, M., Roux, N., Laudet, V. and Lecchini, D., 2020. Nature communications, 11(1), pp.1-10.
  • Potential short-term neurobehavioral alterations in children associated with a peak pesticide spray season: The Mother’s Day flower harvest in Ecuador. Suarez-Lopez, J.R., Checkoway, H., Jacobs Jr, D.R., Al-Delaimy, W.K. and Gahagan, S., 2017. Neurotoxicology, 60, pp.125-133.
  • Assessing Field‐Scale Risks of Foliar Insecticide Applications to Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Larvae. Krishnan, N., Zhang, Y., Bidne, K.G., Hellmich, R.L., Coats, J.R. and Bradbury, S.P., 2020. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(4), pp.923-941.
  • Prenatal and infant exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder in children: population based case-control study. von Ehrenstein, et al. 2019. BMJ 2019;364:l962
  • Biomonitoring of persons exposed to insecticides used in residences. Krieger, R.I., Bernard, C.E., Dinoff, T.M., Ross J.H. and Williams R.L. 2001. Ann Occup Hyg, 45 (suppl 1): S143-S153. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/45.suppl_1.S143
  • Blood α-synuclein in agricultural pesticide handlers in central Washington State.. Searles Nielsen S, Checkoway H, Zhang J, et al. 2015. Environ Res.136:75-81.
  • Brain anomalies in children exposed prenatally to a common organophosphate pesticide. Rauh, V. A., F. P. Perera, M. K. Horton, R. M. Whyatt, et al. 2012. PNAS.109 (20): 7871-6.
  • Cancer Incidence Among Pesticide Applicators Exposed to Chlorpyrifos in the Agricultural Health Study. Lee WJ, et al. 2004. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96(23):1781-9.
  • Children's Exposure to Chlorpyrifos and Parathion in an Agricultural Community in Central Washington State. Fenske, R.A., Lu, C, Barr, D, and Needham, L. 2002. Environ Health Perspect. 11(5):: 549–553
  • Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)-associated birth defects: report of four cases.. Sherman, J.D. 1996. Environmental Health Perspectives, 51(1).
  • Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Urban Residential Environment Characteristics as Determinants of Early Childhood Neurodevelopment. Lovasi , G. et al. 2010. Am J Public Health. AJPH.2009.168419v1
  • Chlorpyrifos inhibits cell proliferation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation in breast cancer cell lines.. Ventura C, Venturino A, Miret N, et al. 2015. Chemosphere. 120:343-50.
  • Chronic chlorpyrifos exposure does not promote prostate cancer in prostate specific PTEN mutant mice.. Svensson RU, Bannick NL, Marin MJ, et al. 2013. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol.32(1):29-39
  • Chronic chlorpyrifos exposure elicits diet-specific effects on metabolism and the gut microbiome in rats.. Fang B, Li JW, Zhang M, Ren FZ, Pang GF. 2018. Food Chem Toxicol. 111:144-152
  • Combined Prenatal Pesticide Exposure and Folic Acid Intake in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder.. Schmidt RJ, Kogan V, Shelton JF, Delwiche L, Hansen RL, et al. 2017. Environ Health Perspect. 125(9):097007.
  • Comparison of residents' pesticide exposure with predictions obtained using the UK regulatory exposure assessment approach.. Galea KS, MacCalman L, Jones K, Cocker J, et al. 2015. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.73(2):634-43.
  • Developmental neurotoxic effects of two pesticides: Behavior and biomolecular studies on chlorpyrifos and carbaryl.. Lee I, Eriksson P, Fredriksson A, et al. 2015. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. pii: S0041-008X(15)30066-1.
  • Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos modeled in vitro: Comparative effects of metabolites and other cholinesterase inhibitors on DNA synthesis in PC12 and C6 cells.. Qiao, D. et al. 2001. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(9):909-913.
  • Developmental neurotoxicity of different pesticides in PC-12 cells in vitro.. Christen V, Rusconi M, Crettaz P, Fent K. 2017. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 325:25-36
  • Dietary Intake and Its Contribution to Longitudinal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in Urban/suburban Children.. Lu C, Barr DB, Pearson MA, Waller LA. 2008. Environ Health Perspect. 216(4):537-42.
  • Does early-life exposure to organophosphate insecticides lead to prediabetes and obesity. Slotkin, T.A. 2011. Reproductive Toxicology. 31: 297–301.
  • Does the home environment and the sex of the child modify the adverse effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on child working memory?. Horton, M.K., L.G. Kahn, F. Perera, D.B. Barr and V. Rauh. 2012. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 34(5):534-41
  • Early-life chemical exposures and risk of metabolic syndrome.. De Long NE, Holloway AC. 2017. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 10:101-109.
  • Effects of maternal chlorpyrifos diet on social investigation and brain neuroendocrine markers in the offspring - a mouse study.. Venerosi A, Tait S, Stecca L, et al. 2015. Environ Health. 14:32.
  • Effects of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos on neuropsychological function: a prospective longitudinal study. Berent S, Giordani B, Albers JW, Garabrant DH, et al. 2014. Neurotoxicology. 41:44-53
  • Effects of processing on pesticide residues in peaches intended for baby food.. Balinova AM, Mladenova RI, Shtereva DD. 2006. Food Addit Contam.23(9):895-901
  • Effects of Transplacental Exposure to Environmental Pollutants on Birth Outcomes in a Multiethnic Population.. Perera, F. et al. Feb. 2003. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(2).
  • Exposure to nonpersistent insecticides and male reproductive hormones.. Meeker JD, et al. 2006. Epidemiology;17(1):61-8
  • Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Atlanta, GA.
  • Gestational/perinatal chlorpyrifos exposure is not associated with autistic-like behaviors in rodents. Williams AL, DeSesso JM. 2014. Crit Rev Toxicol. 44(6):523-34
  • Impact of Prenatal Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the First 3 Years of Life Among Inner-City Children. Rauh, V. et al. 2006. Pediatrics, 118(6) pp. e1845-e1859
  • Individual and combined effect of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin on reproductive system of adult male albino rats. . Alaa-Eldin EA, El-Shafei DA, Abouhashem NS. 2016. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7912-6
  • Associations between persistent organic pollutants and endometriosis: A multiblock approach integrating metabolic and cytokine profiling. Matta, K., Lefebvre, T., Vigneau, E., Cariou, V., Marchand, P., Guitton, Y., Royer, A.L., Ploteau, S., Le Bizec, B., Antignac, J.P. and Cano-Sancho, G. Environment International, 158, p.106926.
  • The pesticide chlorpyrifos promotes obesity by inhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Wang, B., Tsakiridis, E.E., Zhang, S., Llanos, A., Desjardins, E.M., Yabut, J.M., Green, A.E., Day, E.A., Smith, B.K., Lally, J.S. and Wu, J. Nature communications, 12(1), pp.1-12.
  • Genetic Polymorphisms of Pesticide-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Agricultural Workers and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Sirivarasai, J., Chanprasertyothin, S., Kongtip, P. and Woskie, S. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, p.3435.
  • Pesticides applied to crops and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk in the U.S. Andrew, A., Zhou, J., Gui, J., Harrison, A., Shi, X., Li, M., Guetti, B., Nathan, R., Tischbein, M., Pioro, E.P. and Stommel, E. NeuroToxicology, 87, pp.128-135.
  • Oxidative stress of glyphosate, AMPA and metabolites of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos pesticides among primary school children in Cyprus. Makris, K.C., Efthymiou, N., Konstantinou, C., Anastasi, E., Schoeters, G., Kolossa-Gehring, M. and Katsonouri, A., Environmental Research, 212, p.113316.
  • Prenatal exposure to pesticides and domain-specific neurodevelopment at age 12 and 18 months in Nanjing, China.. Wei, H., Zhang, X., Yang, X., Yu, Q., Deng, S., Guan, Q., Chen, D., Zhang, M., Gao, B., Xu, S. and Xia, Y., 2023. Environment International, 173, p.107814.
  • Pesticides exposure in pregnant Argentinian women: Potential relations with the residence areas and the anthropometric neonate parameters.. Rodriguez, P.M., Ondarza, P.M., Miglioranza, K.S., Ramirez, C.L., Vera, B., Muntaner, C. and Guiñazú, N.L., 2023. Chemosphere, 332, p.138790.
  • Pesticide residues in bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly – A review of the literature and dietary risk assessment . Végh, R., Csóka, M., Mednyánszky, Z. and Sipos, L., 2023. Food and Chemical Toxicology, p.113806.
  • Neonatal exposure to chlorpyrifos affects maternal responses and maternal aggression of female mice in adulthood. Venerosi, A., Cutuli, D., Colonnello, V., Cardona, D., Ricceri, L. and Calamandrei, G., 2008. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 30(6), pp.468-474.
  • Haematological and biochemical toxicity in freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus following pulse exposure to atrazine, mancozeb, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and their combination. Kanu, K.C., Okoboshi, A.C. and Otitoloju, A.A., 2023. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 270, p.109643.
  • Exposure to pesticide components causes recurrent pregnancy loss by increasing placental oxidative stress and apoptosis: a case–control study. El-Baz, M.A., Amin, A.F. and Mohany, K.M., 2023.Scientific Reports, 13(1), p.9147.
  • Pesticides: An alarming detriment to health and the environment. Kaur R;Choudhary D;Bali S;Bandral SS;Singh V;Ahmad MA;Rani N;Singh TG;Chandrasekaran B; Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment, The Science of the total environment. Available at: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38232846/
  • Antagonistic effects and mechanisms of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos on the neurobehavior of larval zebrafish. Zhang, W. et al. (2022) Antagonistic effects and mechanisms of Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos on the neurobehavior of larval zebrafish, Chemosphere. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004565352200011X.
  • Pesticide exposure and increased breast cancer risk in women population studies. Panis, C. and Lemos, B. (2024) Pesticide exposure and increased breast cancer risk in women population studies, Science of The Total Environment. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969724031358?via%3Dihub.
  • Depressive symptoms and suicide attempts among farmers exposed to pesticides. Zheng, R. et al. (2024) Depressive symptoms and suicide attempts among farmers exposed to pesticides, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668924001017?via%3Dihub.
  • Tallgrass prairie wildlife exposure to spray drift from commonly used soybean insecticides in Midwestern USA. Goebel, K. et al. (2021) Tallgrass prairie wildlife exposure to spray drift from commonly used soybean insecticides in Midwestern USA, Science of The Total Environment. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721068212.
  • Chronic Effects of Dietary Pesticides on the Gut Microbiome and Neurodevelopment. Gama, J., Neves, B., & Pereira, A. (2022). Chronic effects of dietary pesticides on the gut microbiome and neurodevelopment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 931440. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.931440/full
  • Gut microbiota: An underestimated and unintended recipient for pesticide-induced toxicity. Yuan, X., Pan, Z., Jin, C., Ni, Y., Fu, Z., & Jin, Y. (2019). Gut microbiota: an underestimated and unintended recipient for pesticide-induced toxicity. Chemosphere, 227, 425-434. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653519307416
  • A Comprehensive Review on Pesticide Residues in Human Urine. Hakme, E., Poulsen, M. and Lassen, A. (2024) A Comprehensive Review on Pesticide Residues in Human Urine, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02705.
  • Genotoxicity and Adverse Human Health Outcomes Among People Living Near Highly Polluted Waste Water Drains in Punjab, India. Thakur, J. et al. (2008) Genotoxicity and Adverse Human Health Outcomes Among People Living Near Highly Polluted Waste Water Drains in Punjab, India, Epidemiology. Available at: https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2008/11001/genotoxicity_and_adverse_human_health_outcomes.867.aspx.
  • Epidemiological study of high cancer among rural agricultural community of Punjab in Northern India. Thakur, J. et al. (2008) Epidemiological study of high cancer among rural agricultural community of Punjab in Northern India, International journal of environmental research and public health. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19151435/.
  • Unveiling bee pollen's contamination with pesticides and mycotoxins: Current analytical procedures, results and regulation. Carrera, M. et al. (2024) Unveiling bee pollen’s contamination with pesticides and mycotoxins: Current analytical procedures, results and regulation, Trends in Analytical Chemistry. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165993624004187.
  • Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Nectar and Pollen in Urban and Suburban Environments from Four Regions of the United States. Démares, F.J. et al. (2022) Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Nectar and Pollen in Urban and Suburban Environments from Four Regions of the United States, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Available at: https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5298.
  • Organophosphate pesticide levels in blood and urine of women and newborns living in an agricultural community. Huen, K. et al. (2012) Organophosphate pesticide levels in blood and urine of women and newborns living in an agricultural community, Environmental Research. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935112001740.
  • Thyroid under Attack: The Adverse Impact of Plasticizers, Pesticides, and PFASs on Thyroid Function. Rodrigues, V.G. et al. (2024) Thyroid under Attack: The Adverse Impact of Plasticizers, Pesticides, and PFASs on Thyroid Function, Endocrines. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/5/3/32.
  • Exposures of 129 Preschool Children to Organochlorines, Organophosphates, Pyrethroids, and Acid Herbicides at Their Homes and Daycares in North Carolina. Morgan, M.K., Wilson, N.K. and Chuang, J.C. (2014) Exposures of 129 Preschool Children to Organochlorines, Organophosphates, Pyrethroids, and Acid Herbicides at Their Homes and Daycares in North Carolina, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4025031/.
  • Exposure to agricultural pesticides and wheezing among 5–12-year-old children in the Imperial Valley, CA, USA. Ornelas Van Horne, Y. et al. (2024) Exposure to agricultural pesticides and wheezing among 5–12-year-old children in the Imperial Valley, CA, USA, Environmental Epidemiology. Available at: https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2024/10000/exposure_to_agricultural_pesticides_and_wheezing.2.as
  • Respiratory and allergic outcomes among 5-year-old children exposed to pesticides. Islam, J.Y. et al. (2023) Respiratory and allergic outcomes among 5-year-old children exposed to pesticides, Thorax. Available at: https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/1/41.abstract.