Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management

Updates from the Daily News Blog

Children’s Health Threatened as Rates of Pediatric Cancers are Linked to Agricultural Pesticide Mixtures
March 4, 2025

Glyphosate Weed Killer Contaminates Stem Cells, Is Linked to Blood Cancers and DNA Damage, Study Finds
February 27, 2025

Exposure to Glyphosate Herbicide Adversely Affects Perinatal Health, Study Finds
February 20, 2025

Multitude of Studies Find Epigenetic Effects from PFAS and Other Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides
January 16, 2025

Lit Review Shows Depth of Research Linking Pesticide-Induced Effects on Immune System, Leading to Disease Outcomes
January 15, 2025

Multiple Studies Link Adverse Effects on Female Reproductive Health with Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Exposure
January 9, 2025

Biodiversity Threatened by Pesticide Drift, Study Finds; Organic Agriculture Cited as a Holistic Solution
January 3, 2025

Study Links Numerous Chemical Families of Pesticides to Endocrine Disrupting Effects, Including Obesity
December 17, 2024

Review Cites Memory and Learning Impairments; Children, Workers, and Nontarget Organisms at Risk
December 12, 2024

Sublethal Pesticide Exposure, Inadequately Regulated, Adversely Affects Insect Health, Study Finds
December 5, 2024

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Glyphosate

General Information

• Fact Sheet: bp-fact-glyosphate.082017.pdf
• Product Names:

  Roundup (Monnsanto)
  Polado (Monsanto)
  Accord (Monsanto)
  Clearout (Albaugh)
  Departure (Syngenta)
  Extreme (BASF) formulated with Imazethapyr
  Backdraft (BASF) formulated with Imazaquin
  Rage (FMC) formulated with Carentrazone-ethyl
  Ortho Season-Long Grass & Weed Killer (Scotts)
  Knockout (Libertas)
  Cornerstone (Winfield)
  Rodeo (Monsanto)

• Chemical Class: Phosphanoglycine herbicide
• Uses: Non selective herbicide, or at low rates a plant growth regulator
• Alternatives: Organic agriculture, Organic land managment
• Beyond Pesticides rating: Toxic

Health and Environmental Effects

• Cancer: Yes (3, 6, 70)
• Endocrine Disruption: Yes (7)
• Reproductive Effects: Yes (13, 8)
• Neurotoxicity: Yes (74)
• Kidney/Liver Damage: Yes (7)
• Sensitizer/ Irritant: Yes (8)
• Birth/Developmental: Yes (75)
• Detected in Groundwater: Yes (78)
• Potential Leacher: Not documented
• Toxic to Birds: Yes (73)
• Toxic to Fish/Aquatic Organisms: Yes (4)
• Toxic to Bees: Yes (76, 77)

Residential Uses as Found in the ManageSafe™ Database

• Dandelions
• Annual Bluegrass
• Clover
• Ground Ivy
• Japanese Knotweed
• Chickweed

Additional Information

• Regulatory Status:
  • Beyond Pesticides' Draft Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessments for Glyphosate comments (04/2018)
  • Draft Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessments for Glyphosate (2017)
  • Revised Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential (2017)
  • Beyond Pesticides' Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential comments (10/2016)
  • Glyphosate Listed Effective July 7, 2017, as Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer (OEHHA, 2017)
  • Beyond Pesticides' Notice of Intent to List (California) comments (10/2015)
  • Beyond Pesticides' Enlist Duo registration comments (12/2016)
  • EPA Meeting Materials for the December 13-16, 2016 Scientific Advisory Panel on the Carcinogenic Potential of Glyphosate.
  • Registration of Enlist Duo (EPA, 2014)
  • FInal work plan for Glyphosate Registration review (2009)
  • EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) signed (9/1993)
• Supporting information:
  • Daily News Blog
  • Report- Glyphosate: Unsafe on Any Plate
  • Beyond Pesticides' letter to EPA  calling for residue testing (12/2015)
  • Agricultural Uses of Antibiotics Escalate Bacterial Resistance (Pesticides and You, Winter 2016-2017)
  • Asthma, Children and Pesticides (Beyond Pesticides)
  • Children & Lawn Chemicals Don't Mix (Beyond Pesticides)
  • GMO Factsheet (Beyond Pesticides)
  • NCAP Glyphosate Factsheet (Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides)
  • PAN Pesticides Database: Glyphosate (Pesticide Action Network)
  • EPA Technical Factsheet
• Studies:
  • Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis and Supporting Evidence. Zhang, L., Rana, I., Taioli, E., Shaffer, R.M. and Sheppard, L., 2019. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research.
  • Multiomics reveal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats following chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup herbicide. Mesnage, R, Renney, G, Seralini, GE, et al. 2017. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 39328 
  • Glyphosate pathways to modern diseases V: Amino acid analogue of glycine in diverse proteins. Samsel, A, Seneff, S. 2016. J Biological Physics and Chemistry.16:9-46
  • IARC Classification of Glyphosate as a "probable" carcinogen (2015).
    Read the Daily News Blog
  • Transcriptome profile analysis reflects rat liver and kidney damage following chronic ultra-low dose Roundup exposure. Mesnage, R, Arno, M, Contanzo, M et al., 2015. Environmental Health 14:70.
  • Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells. Benachour, et al. 2009. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22 (1), pp 97–105.
  • Do Pesticides Affect Learning Behavior? The neuro-endocrine-immune connection. Porter, Warren. 2004. Pesticides and You (Beyond Pesticides)
  • A Case–Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Exposure to Pesticides Journal of the American Cancer Society, 1999.
  • Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic, and placental cells. Benachour N, Séralini GE. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2009 Jan;22(1):97-105
  • Top 15 Farmworker Poison
  • A comparison of temporal trends in United States autism prevalence to trends in suspected environmental factors.. Nevison, CD. 2014. Environ Health.13:73.
  • An assessment of the acute dietary exposure to glyphosate using deterministic and probabilistic methods.. Stephenson CL, Harris CA, Clarke R. 2018. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 35(2):258-272
  • An exploratory analysis of the effect of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm population.. Arbuckle,TE, Lin, Z and Mery, LS. 2001. Environ Health Perspect. 109(8): 851–857.
  • Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Pathologies and Sperm Epimutations: Generational Toxicology. Kubsad, D., Nilsson, E.E., King, S.E., Sadler-Riggleman, I., Beck, D. and Skinner, M.K., 2019. Scientific reports, 9(1), pp.1-17.
  • Prenatal and infant exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder in children: population based case-control study. von Ehrenstein, et al. 2019. BMJ 2019;364:l962
  • Biomonitoring of Danish school children and mothers including biomarkers of PBDE and glyphosate.. Knudsen LE, Hansen PW, Mizrak S, Hansen HK, Mørck TA, et al. 2017. Rev Environ Health. 32(3):279-290
  • Birth defects, season of conception, and sex of children born to pesticide applicators living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA.. Garry, V.F. et al. 2002. Environ. Health Persp. 110 (Suppl. 3):441-449
  • Characterising glyphosate exposures among amenity horticulturists using multiple spot urine samples.. Connolly A, Basinas I, Jones K, Galea KS, et al. 2018. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 221(7):1012-1022
  • Combined effects of repeated administration of Bretmont Wipeout (glyphosate) and Ultrazin (atrazine) on testosterone, oxidative stress and sperm quality of Wistar rats.. Abarikwu SO, Akiri OF, et al. 2015. Toxicol Mech Methods.25(1):70-80.
  • Cytotoxicity on human cells of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac Bt insecticidal toxins alone or with a glyphosate‐based herbicide. . Mesnage, R., Clair, E., Gress, S., Then, C., Székács, A. and Séralini, G.E., 2013. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 33(7), pp.695-699.
  • Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cells and Aromatase. Richard S., et al. 2005. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(6).
  • Early-life chemical exposures and risk of metabolic syndrome.. De Long NE, Holloway AC. 2017. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 10:101-109.
  • Effects of melatonin in rats in the initial third stage of pregnancy exposed to sub-lethal doses of herbicides.. Almeida LL, Teixeira ÁAC, Soares AF, Cunha FMD, et al. Acta Histochem. 119(3):220-227.
  • Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate.. Van Bruggen AHC, He MM, Shin K, Mai V, Jeong KC, Finckh MR, Morris JG Jr. 2018. Sci Total Environ. 16-617:255-268
  • Glyphosate poisoning - a case report. Kunapareddy, T. and Kalisetty, S., 2021. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine.
  • Cellular injury leading to oxidative stress in acute poisoning with potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, paraquat, and glyphosate surfactant herbicide. Wijerathna, T.M., Mohamed, F., Gawarammana, I.B., Wunnapuk, K., Dissanayake, D.M., Shihana, F. and Buckley, N.A., 2020. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 80, p.103510.
  • Evaluation of estrogen receptor alpha activation by glyphosate-based herbicide constituents.. Mesnage R, Phedonos A, Biserni M, et al. 2017. Food Chem Toxicol. 108(Pt A):30-42.
  • Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis and Supporting Evidence. . Zhang, L., Rana, I., Taioli, E., Shaffer, R.M. and Sheppard, L., 2019. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research.
  • Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies.. Hardell, L., et al. 2002. Leuk Lymphoma 43(5):1043-1049
  • Facts and Fallacies in the Debate on Glyphosate Toxicity.. Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. 2017. Front Public Health. 5:316
  • Glyphosate and adverse pregnancy outcomes, a systematic review of observational studies. de Araujo JS, Delgado IF, Paumgartten FJ. 2016. BMC Public Health. 16:472
  • Glyphosate and Paraquat in Maternal and Fetal Serums in Thai Women. Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Phupancharoensuk R, et al. 2017. J Agromedicine. 22(3):282-289.
  • Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: results from the Farm Family Exposure Study.. Acquavella, J, F. et al. 2004. Environ Health Perspect; 112(3): 321–326
  • Glyphosate exposure exacerbates the dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the mouse brain after repeated administration of MPTP. Pu, Y., Chang, L., Qu, Y., Wang, S., Tan, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, J. and Hashimoto, K., 2020. Neuroscience Letters, p.135032.
  • Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells. Benachour, N., et al. 2009. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 22(1)
  • Glyphosate has limited short-term effects on commensal bacterial community composition in the gut environment due to sufficient aromatic amino acid levels.. Nielsen LN, Roager HM, Casas ME, Frandsen HL, et al. 2018. Environ Pollut. 233:364-376
  • Glyphosate impairs male offspring reproductive development by disrupting gonadotropin expression.. Romano MA, Romano RM, Santos LD, et al. 2012. Arch Toxicol. 86(4):663-73
  • Glyphosate in German adults - Time trend (2001 to 2015) of human exposure to a widely used herbicide.. Conrad A, Schröter-Kermani C, Hoppe HW, Rüther M, Pieper S, Kolossa-Gehring M. 2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 220(1):8-16
  • Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors.. Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, et al. 2013. Food Chem Toxicol.59:129-36
  • Glyphosate pathways to modern diseases V: Amino acid analogue of glycine in diverse proteins. Samsel, A. and Seneff, S., 2016. J Biol Phys Chem, 16(6), pp.9-46.
  • Glyphosate Residues in Groundwater, Drinking Water and Urine of Subsistence Farmers from Intensive Agriculture Localities: A Survey in Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. Rendon-von Osten J, Dzul-Caamal R. 2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 14(6). pii: E595.
  • Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC.. Tarazona JV, Court-Marques D, Tiramani M, et al. 2017. Arch Toxicol. 91(8):2723-2743.
  • Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. Andreotti G, Koutros S, Hofmann JN, Sandler DP, Lubin JH, et al. 2017. J Natl Cancer Inst. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djx233.
  • Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. Samsel, A. and Seneff, S., 2013. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 6(4), pp.159-184.
  • Integrative assessment of multiple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men. De Roos, A.J., et al. 2003. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60(9):e11
  • Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides?. Vandenberg LN, Blumberg B, Antoniou MN, Benbrook CM, Carroll L, Colborn T, et al. 2017. J Epidemiol Community Health. 71(6):613-618
  • Can Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Contribute to Sustainable Agriculture?. Krimsky, S. Sustainability, 13(4), p.2337.
  • Classification of the glyphosate target enzyme (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) for assessing sensitivity of organisms to the herbicide . Leino, L., Tall, T., Helander, M., Saloniemi, I., Saikkonen, K., Ruuskanen, S. and Puigbò, P. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 408, p.124556.
  • Indirect Effects of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Plant, Animal and Human Health Through its Effects on Microbial Communities. Van Bruggen, A.H., Finckh, M.R., He, M., Ritsema, C.J., Harkes, P., Knuth, D. and Geissen, V. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9.
  • Pesticides applied to crops and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk in the U.S. Andrew, A., Zhou, J., Gui, J., Harrison, A., Shi, X., Li, M., Guetti, B., Nathan, R., Tischbein, M., Pioro, E.P. and Stommel, E. NeuroToxicology, 87, pp.128-135.
  • Impacts of dietary exposure to pesticides on faecal microbiome metabolism in adult twins . Mesnage, R., Bowyer, R.C., El Balkhi, S., Saint-Marcoux, F., Gardere, A., Ducarmon, Q.R., Geelen, A.R., Zwittink, R.D., Tsoukalas, D., Sarandi, E. and Paramera, E.I., Environmental Health, 21(1), pp.1-14.
  • Oxidative stress of glyphosate, AMPA and metabolites of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos pesticides among primary school children in Cyprus. Makris, K.C., Efthymiou, N., Konstantinou, C., Anastasi, E., Schoeters, G., Kolossa-Gehring, M. and Katsonouri, A., Environmental Research, 212, p.113316.
  • Glyphosate impairs collective thermoregulation in bumblebees. . Weidenmüller, A., Meltzer, A., Neupert, S., Schwarz, A. and Kleineidam, C. Science, 376(6597), pp.1122-1126.
  • Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Alter the Reproductive Morphology of Rosa acicularis (Prickly Rose). Golt, A.R. and Wood, L.J. Frontiers in Plant Science, p.1184.
  • Roundup causes embryonic development failure and alters metabolic pathways and gut microbiota functionality in non-target species. Suppa, A., Kvist, J., Li, X., Dhandapani, V., Almulla, H., Tian, A.Y., Kissane, S., Zhou, J., Perotti, A., Mangelson, H. and Langford, K., 2020. Microbiome, 8(1), pp.1-15.
  • Roundup and glyphosate’s impact on GABA to elicit extended proconvulsant behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Naraine, A.S., Aker, R., Sweeney, I., Kalvey, M., Surtel, A., Shanbhag, V. and Dawson-Scully, K. Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp.1-11.
  • Perinatal exposure to a glyphosate pesticide formulation induces offspring liver damage. Rieg, C.E.H., Cattani, D., Naspolini, N.F., Cenci, V.H., Cavalli, V.L.D.L.O., Jacques, A.V., Nascimento, M.V.P.D.S., Dalmarco, E.M., De Moraes, A.C.R., Santos-Silva, M.C. and Silva, F.R.M.B., 2022. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 454, p.116245.
  • Glyphosate exposure in early pregnancy and reduced fetal growth: a prospective observational study of high-risk pregnancies. Gerona, R.R., Reiter, J.L., Zakharevich, I., Proctor, C., Ying, J., Mesnage, R., Antoniou, M. and Winchester, P.D., 2022. Environmental Health, 21(1), pp.1-12.
  • Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) induce phenotypic imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Háhn, J., Kriszt, B., Tóth, G., Jiang, D., Fekete, M., Szabó, I., Göbölös, B., Urbányi, B., Szoboszlay, S. and Kaszab, E., 2022. Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp.1-11.
  • Amine Volatilization from Herbicide Salts: Implications for Herbicide Formulations and Atmospheric Chemistry. Sharkey, S.M., Hartig, A.M., Dang, A.J., Chatterjee, A., Williams, B.J. and Parker, K.M., 2022. Environmental Science & Technology.
  • Association of Lifetime Exposure to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) with Liver Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome at Young Adulthood: Findings from the CHAMACOS Study. Eskenazi, B., Gunier, R.B., Rauch, S., Kogut, K., Perito, E.R., Mendez, X., Limbach, C., Holland, N., Bradman, A., Harley, K.G. and Mills, P.J., 2023. Environmental Health Perspectives, 131(3), p.037001.
  • Occurrence and exposure assessment of glyphosate in the environment and its impact on human beings. Muñoz, J.P., Silva-Pavez, E., Carrillo-Beltrán, D. and Calaf, G.M., 2023. Environmental Research, p.116201.
  • Low-dose glyphosate exposure alters gut microbiota composition and modulates gut homeostasis. Lehman, P.C., Cady, N., Ghimire, S., Shahi, S.K., Shrode, R.L., Lehmler, H.J. and Mangalam, A.K., 2023. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 100, p.104149.
  • The effects of glyphosate, pure or in herbicide formulation, on bumble bees and their gut microbial communities. Motta, E.V. and Moran, N.A., 2023. Science of The Total Environment, 872, p.162102.
  • Individual and joint effects of glyphosate and cypermethrin formulations on two human cell lines. Coalova, I., March, H., de Molina, M.D.C.R. and Chaufan, G., 2023. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 461, p.116398.
  • Maternal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide impairs placental development through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice. Liu, M., Lu, S., Yang, C., Zhang, D., Zhu, J., Yin, J., Zhao, H., Yang, B. and Kuang, H., 2023. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 173, p.113640.
  • Human serum lipidomics analysis revealed glyphosate may lead to lipid metabolism disorders and health risks. Zhang, F., Zhang, Q., Liu, X., Gao, M., Li, X., Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Zhang, X., Huo, Z., Zhang, L. and Shan, J., 2023. Environment International, 171, p.107682.
  • Glyphosate-based formulation affects Tetragonisca angustula worker’s locomotion, behavior and biology. Prado, I.S., da Rocha, A.A., Silva, L.A. and Gonzalez, V.C., 2023. Ecotoxicology, 32(4), pp.513-524.
  • Mammary Gland Development in Male Rats Perinatally Exposed to Propiconazole, Glyphosate, or their Mixture. . Gomez, A.L., Altamirano, G.A., Alcaraz, M.R., Montemurro, M., Schierano-Marotti, G., Oddi, S.L., Culzoni, M.J., Muñoz-de-Toro, M., Bosquiazzo, V.L. and Kass, L., 2023. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, p.104184.
  • Association between glyphosate exposure and cognitive function, depression, and neurological diseases in a representative sample of US adults: NHANES 2013–2014 analysis. Hsiao, C.C., Yang, A.M., Wang, C. and Lin, C.Y., 2023. NHANES 2013–2014 analysis. Environmental Research, p.116860.
  • Mapping the key characteristics of carcinogens for glyphosate and its formulations: A systematic review. Rana, I., Nguyen, P.K., Rigutto, G., Louie, A., Lee, J., Smith, M.T. and Zhang, L., 2023. Chemosphere, p.139572.
  • Glyphosate impairs aversive learning in bumblebees. Nouvian, M., Foster, J.J. and Weidenmüller, A., 2023. Science of the Total Environment, 898, p.165527.
  • Assessment of the impact of glyphosate and 2,4-D herbicides on the kidney injury and transcriptome changes in obese mice fed a Western diet.. Romualdo, G.R., de Souza, J.L.H., Valente, L.C. and Barbisan, L.F., 2023. Toxicology Letters, 385, pp.1-11.
  • Occurrence of pesticide residues in indoor dust of farmworker households across Europe and Argentina.. Navarro, I., de la Torre, A., Sanz, P., Baldi, I., Harkes, P., Huerta-Lwanga, E., Nørgaard, T., Glavan, M., Pasković, I., Pasković, M.P. and Abrantes, N., 2023. Science of The Total Environment, p.167797.
  • Association of glyphosate exposure with multiple adverse outcomes and potential mediators.. Li, W., Lei, D., Huang, G., Tang, N., Lu, P., Jiang, L., Lv, J., Lin, Y., Xu, F. and Qin, Y.J., 2023. Chemosphere, p.140477.
  • Pesticides: An alarming detriment to health and the environment. Kaur R;Choudhary D;Bali S;Bandral SS;Singh V;Ahmad MA;Rani N;Singh TG;Chandrasekaran B; Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment, The Science of the total environment. Available at: https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38232846/
  • Evaluation of the scientific quality of studies concerning genotoxic properties of glyphosate. Nersesyan, A. and Knasmueller, S. (no date) ‘Evaluation of the scientific quality of studies concerning genotoxic properties of glyphosate’, Glyphosate EFSA studies SK & AN [Preprint]. Available at: https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Evaluation_25.03.21-with-signatures.pdf.
  • Modeling pesticides and ecotoxicological risk assessment in an intermittent river using SWAT. Centanni, M. et al. (2024) Modeling pesticides and ecotoxicological risk assessment in an intermittent river using Swat, Scientific Reports. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-56991-6#Sec14.
  • Glyphosate presence in human sperm: First report and positive correlation with oxidative stress in an infertile French population. Vasseur, C. et al. (2024) Glyphosate presence in human sperm: First report and positive correlation with oxidative stress in an infertile French population, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765132400486X.
  • Genome-wide transcriptional responses of Escherichia coli to glyphosate, a potent inhibitor of the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. Lu, W. et al. (2012) Genome-wide transcriptional responses of escherichia coli to glyphosate, a potent inhibitor of the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, Molecular BioSystems. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23247721/.
  • Major Pesticides Are More Toxic to Human Cells Than Their Declared Active Principles. Mesnage, R. et al. (2014) Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared active principles, BioMed Research International. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955666/.
  • Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors. Tsui, M. and Chu, L. (2003) Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: Comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors, Chemosphere. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12821000/.
  • Assessing the ecological impact of pesticides/herbicides on algal communities: A comprehensive review. Narayanan, N. et al. (2024) Assessing the ecological impact of pesticides/herbicides on algal communities: A comprehensive review, Aquatic Toxicology. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166445X24000225?via%3Dihub.
  • A Comprehensive Review on Pesticide Residues in Human Urine. Hakme, E., Poulsen, M. and Lassen, A. (2024) A Comprehensive Review on Pesticide Residues in Human Urine, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02705.
  • The impact and toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on health and immunity. Peillex, C. and Pelletier, M. (2020) The impact and toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on health and immunity, Journal of Immunotoxicology. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1547691X.2020.1804492.
  • Tannic acid inhibits pain mediators, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to glyphosate-based herbicide. Abolarin, P.O. and Owoyele, B.V. (2024) Tannic acid inhibits pain mediators, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to glyphosate-based herbicide, Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11294660/.
  • Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Winstone, J.K. et al. (2022) Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFΑ: Implications for neurodegenerative disorders, Journal of Neuroinflammation. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9331154/.
  • Influence of Pesticides Contamination on Microbial Population of Selected Farmlands. Uneze, D.P., Kugbenu, G.J. and Obire, O. (2024) Influence of pesticides contamination on microbial population of selected farmlands, British Journal of Environmental Sciences. Available at: https://eajournals.org/bjes/vol12-issue-5-2024/influence-of-pesticides-contamination-on-microbial-population-of-selected-farmlands/.
  • Exposure to agricultural pesticides and wheezing among 5–12-year-old children in the Imperial Valley, CA, USA. Ornelas Van Horne, Y. et al. (2024) Exposure to agricultural pesticides and wheezing among 5–12-year-old children in the Imperial Valley, CA, USA, Environmental Epidemiology. Available at: https://journals.lww.com/environepidem/fulltext/2024/10000/exposure_to_agricultural_pesticides_and_wheezing.2.as
  • Relationship between farming practices, soil macrofauna and litter decomposition in organic versus conventional banana agroecosystems. Jaouhari, M., Damour, G. and Coulis, M. (2024) Relationship between farming practices, soil macrofauna and litter decomposition in organic versus conventional banana agroecosystems, Applied Soil Ecology. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0929139324004281.
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