(Beyond Pesticides, May 8, 2026)  A study from Ecuador establishes for the first time the developmental pattern of nervous system toxicants—still widely used in agriculture, mosquito control, and landscaping—on healthy neurological and brain development in children. It is firmly established that widely used organophosphate pesticides are severely toxic to a broad range of organisms. In what’s known as their “classic” mechanism of action, they inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), particularly in neuromuscular junctions in the brain. Not enough AChE leads to a buildup of ACh in motor neurons. Organophosphates deplete AChE, and an acute dose can paralyze the heart and lung muscles, causing death. Chronic exposures are implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Beyond Pesticides’ Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management has detailed information on the organophosphates malathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and others.

Acetylcholine and AChE are vital biological chemicals conserved across the animal kingdom, from humans to insects and everything in between. Yet there is no established baseline for normal levels of ACh and AChE in humans. Comparing biomarkers of organochlorine exposure with normal values would be a major step forward in assessing the influence of pesticides on human body burdens and disease, particularly in populations working and living in agricultural areas.

The study, “Acetylcholinesterase activity from childhood to young adulthood,” establishes for the first time the developmental pattern of ACh and AChE levels from early childhood to late adolescence. A collaboration between scientists at the University of California, San Diego, and the Fundación Cimas del Ecuador in Quito, the study is part of the Secondary Exposures to Pesticides among Children, Adolescents and Adults (ESPINA) program, an ongoing prospective project to determine the effects of pesticide exposure on human development in Pedro Moncayo, Ecuador, a center of the flower industry. See Beyond Pesticides’ March 24 Daily News Blog reporting on ESPINA’s research showing other pesticides in the region’s drinking and irrigation water.

The authors note that “Globally, over 100 million children, adolescents, and young adults are involved in agricultural work or live in farming communities.” They followed 746 children from ages five to 25, taking samples from each child eight times over 16 years between 2008 and 2024. They accumulated 3,119 fingerstick samples, measuring AChE as units of enzyme per milliliter (U/mL) in blood. They also measured hemoglobin levels, analyzed urine samples for pesticide metabolites, and gathered data on indirect household-level sources of pesticide exposure, i.e., drift from pesticide-applied fields within 300 meters of the children’s homes and pesticides potentially carried into the homes by adult agricultural workers.

The average participant lived within 300 meters of 13,253 square meters of floricultural crops and 72% lived with an agricultural worker. The children’s AChE levels increased linearly between 5 and 11 years of age, and were very similar between males and females. After 12.5 years, or approximately puberty onset, levels between the sexes diverged. Females’ levels plateaued at 3.80 U/mL at age 15, whereas males’ levels plateaued at approximately 4.40 U/mL at age 21. Across both sexes and at all ages, children who lived nearest to the highest amount of agricultural land had the lowest levels of AChE. However, living with an agricultural worker and levels of urinary pesticide markers did not alter expected AChE levels.

The authors conclude that off-target pesticide drift was most likely the source of the lowered AChE levels among children nearest to agricultural activity. Although this study is the first to try to establish a baseline pattern of ACh and AChE development in children, it does not by itself lead to firm conclusions about the health effects of organophosphate exposure on that baseline. For one thing, the tested population lives in an intensely agricultural area and there was no control group of children living away from agriculture. Further, the amount of greenhouse cultivation in the area doubled between 2008 and 2016, which may have affected the age-related trends in the data.

Nonetheless, the results are important, because although usage of organophosphates is declining, and some are banned, there is no dearth of application, exposures, or damage to the biosphere. The authors cite data indicating 1-2 billion pounds of organophosphate pesticides are used worldwide every year—between a fifth and a third of the total amount of pesticides. In the United States, more than 16 million pounds of 14 different organophosphates are applied every year, according to Earthjustice, with California leading the pack.

Large numbers of people, including pregnant women, fetuses, and children, are exposed, and research has shown associations with numerous neurological problems, including abnormal reflexes in newborns and verbal comprehension, attention deficits and autism spectrum disorder in school-age children. Beyond Pesticides reported on a 2025 California study finding that, “Despite a 54 percent decrease in overall use of the neurotoxic insecticide chlorpyrifos in the state between 2016 and 2021, after a statewide ban on the organophosphate insecticide in 2016, researchers found that in one California county, ‘more than 50 [percent] of pregnant people lived within 1 km of [organophosphate] pesticide use.’” Only two states – California and Washington – currently require biomonitoring of pesticide applicators, including requiring workers to stop working with pesticides if their AChE and red blood counts fall below specific minimums.

A further reason for concern is that AChE is not just a controller of a neurotransmitter in specific brain regions involved in motor activity. AChE is expressed in cells and tissues far beyond the nervous system; recent research on African clawed frogs and octopuses shows that AChE plays major roles in embryonic development, especially in the intestines, in cell differentiation, and in configuring cell structural elements. It is also involved in healing and regeneration of damaged tissue. These are “non-classical” aspects of AChE, again conserved across varied biological families, that are very likely adversely affected by the presence of organophosphate pesticides. The frog researchers cite previous experiments in the same frog species in which gut malformation was produced by organophosphate insecticides malathion and chlorpyrifos, writing that “our results suggest that chemicals used to inhibit AChE esterase function (e.g., organophosphates) also perturb its in vivo morphogenetic [developmental biology] activity; therefore, environmental exposure to such compounds may be an unrecognized risk factor for intestinal malformations.”

The Ecuador study, the work on non-classical AChE processes, and the human developmental evidence, all indicate that the trend away from organophosphate use is not moving fast enough. It is worth remembering that the toxicity of organophosphates was known almost as soon as they were developed. Chemist Gerhard Schrader, PhD, is known as the “father of modern organophosphate insecticide toxicology,” having discovered from personal experience the neurological effects of an early organophosphate while working for the German chemical giant I.G. Farben in the 1930s. He went on to synthesize thousands of the compounds. During World War II, Dr. Schrader and other German scientists developed the branch of organophosphate synthesis leading to chemical weapons, including sarin gas.

By comparison, the insecticidal uses they also worked on have been considered more benign despite the clear evidence that emerged right after World War II of severe organophosphate toxicity to not only insects but mammals as well—as Dr. Schrader could easily have concluded when inhaling and tasting the first organophosphate, tetraetylpyrophosphate, which caused “a marked pressure…in the larynx combined with breathlessness…mild disturbances of consciousness, and painful hypersensitivity of the eyes to light.” That it was AChE causing these disruptions has been known for more than 75 years, having been reported in work on parathion in 1949.

In fact, organophosphates are simply so deeply and widely toxic to the biosphere that health and environmental advocates have called for their removal from the global market without delay. The move toward organic, regenerative agriculture is the most direct way to reduce everyone’s exposure to these terrible chemicals.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Sources:

Acetylcholinesterase activity from childhood to young adulthood
Suarez et al
Journal of Exposure Science & Env Epidemiology 2026
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-026-00866-7

Advances in acetylcholinesterase-based biosensing technologies for organophosphorus pesticide detection: A comprehensive review (2020–2024)
Zhang et al
Food Chemistry 2025
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030881462504021X?via%3Dihub

Organophosphate Pesticide Drift from Agricultural Fields Elevates Risk for Pregnant Farmworkers
Beyond Pesticides, October 28, 2025
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2025/10/organophosphate-pesticide-drift-from-agricultural-fields-elevates-risk-for-pregnant-farmworkers/

Organophosphate (OP) Pesticides in Agricultural Area Residents’ Urine Year Round
Beyond Pesticides, April 28, 2023
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2023/04/organophosphate-op-pesticides-in-agricultural-area-residents-urine-year-round/

Pesticide Exposure Again Linked to Neurotoxic Effects in Humans and Wildlife in Comprehensive Review
Beyond Pesticides, March 12, 2026
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2026/03/pesticide-exposure-again-linked-to-neurotoxic-effects-in-humans-and-wildlife-in-comprehensive-review/

Beyond Pesticides
Organophosphate Archives
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/category/chemicals/organophosphate/

(Beyond Pesticides, May 7, 2026) Adding to the wide body of science on pesticide-induced cancer, researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai’s Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and Department of Environmental Medicine find that environmental and occupational exposures increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM), a type of blood cancer. As published in Blood Reviews, the literature review highlights how exposure to contaminants, such as pesticides, dioxins, combustion byproducts, and ambient air pollution, can cause MM through mechanisms of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, as well as influence disease biology through immune dysregulation.

“Earlier epidemiologic studies suggested associations between environmental exposures and disease risk, but few have used modern geospatial or exposomic [totality of environmental exposure relating to health effects] methods capable of capturing exposure complexity,” the authors write. They continue: “Advances in data integration, spatial modeling, and molecular profiling now make it possible to revisit these questions with greater precision and biological context. This review summarizes current evidence on environmental exposures in plasma cell disorders and frames a research agenda for integrating exposomic data to improve exposure resolution and evaluate plausible mechanisms in MM.”

Background

Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2026 about “36,000 new cases will be diagnosed (20,150 in men and 15,850 in women)” and approximately “10,850 deaths are expected to occur (5,780 in men and 5,070 in women).” As the second most common hematologic cancer in the U.S., understanding the drivers of MM is important. The precursor states of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering myeloma (SMM) also “arise from a complex interplay of genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors” that need to be considered.

In Blood, the official journal of the American Society of Hematology, research from 2009 was the first to show an association between pesticide exposure and an excess prevalence of MGUS. The study involving 678 individuals who apply pesticides, culled from a U.S. Agricultural Health Study of over 50,000 farmers, finds that exposure to certain pesticides doubles one’s risk of developing an abnormal blood condition (MGUS) as compared with individuals in the general population. The researchers also evaluate the potential association between MGUS prevalence and 50 specific pesticides for which usage data were known. Of the chemicals studied, a significantly increased risk of MGUS is observed among users of dieldrin (an insecticide), carbon-tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (a fumigant mixture), and chlorothalonil (a fungicide). The MGUS risk for these agents increases 5.6-fold, 3.9-fold, and 2.4-fold, respectively. (See more here.)

In previous Daily News, research in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives finds that long-term exposure to the insecticide permethrin and legacy organochlorine insecticides (aldrin, dieldrin, and lindane) increase the risk of developing MGUS, a blood disease that precedes multiple myeloma, with disproportionate risks to farmers and farmworkers. This study highlights the importance of understanding how pesticide use can increase the risk of latent diseases, which do not readily develop upon initial exposure. As the researchers state, “Our findings provide important insights regarding exposures to specific pesticides that may contribute to the excess of MM among farmers… [T]he continued widespread residential and other use of permethrin and environmental exposure to organochlorine insecticides due to legacy contamination…could have important public health implications for exposed individuals in the general population.”

Another study published in Environment International finds higher rates of various cancers among agricultural workers, with multiple myeloma and melanoma (skin cancer) disproportionately impacting female farmers. Although research studies link cancer risk to genetic and external factors (e.g., cigarette smoke), there are increasing reports and scientific studies that pesticide exposure augments the risk of developing increasingly common cancers like melanoma and less common cancers like multiple myeloma. The study finds a total of 23,188 cancer cases in which melanoma of the skin and multiple myeloma instances are higher among women compared to the general population. In addition, the study finds elevated rates of prostate cancer among men compared to the general population. (See Daily News here.)

Literature Review Findings

In the current study, scientific literature was identified that evaluates environmental or contextual exposures in relation to MM, SMM, and/or MGUS. As a result, the authors find that the most consistently implicated exposures include dioxins, particularly 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). TCDD is a component of Agent Orange, an herbicide used during the Vietnam War that is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (See here and here for additional coverage on Agent Orange and military exposure.) Dioxins are also found as contaminants in the wood preservative pentachlorophenol used on utility poles, railroad ties, and pilings.

One study of a U.S. veteran MGUS cohort finds high TCDD exposure predicted faster progression to MM while a meta-analysis of TCDD and cancer mortality also shows increased MM risk. “Although TCDD has been banned in the United States for decades [as a result of the banning of 2,4,5-T], dioxins persist in the environment and are still emitted from industrial combustion, waste incineration, and related processes,” the authors point out. They continue, “Low-level exposure is widespread, primarily through the food chain via bio-accumulation in animal fats.”

Research on occupational exposure for agricultural workers documents that pesticide exposure is associated with higher risk of MM. One study shows that pesticide exposure for ten years or more is linked to increased MM risk, while another Canadian population-based study of lifetime uses of carbamates, phenoxy herbicides, and multiple organochlorines is associated with elevated MM odds, particularly with carbaryl and captan exposure. “The North American Pooled Project reinforced these findings, reporting increased MM risk with use of carbaryl, captan, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), with clear dose–response relationships for cumulative exposure,” the researchers state.

The persistence and ongoing threats from legacy chemicals no longer actively in use, such as DDT, shows that the health and environmental risks of pesticides is a complex issue that does not end when individual chemicals are banned. These compounds adversely impact soil, sediments, and food chains longer after use, bioaccumulating throughout the food web and impacting future generations. (See more here.) In summary, the authors state, “Together, these observations raise the possibility that environmental exposures may influence MM not only through direct cellular damage, but also through hematopoietic clonal selection and marrow microenvironmental changes.”

Previous Research

Additional scientific literature connects pesticide exposure to cancer incidence through mechanisms of oxidative stress and DNA damage. In a research article in Environmental Sciences Europe last year regarding the weed killer glyphosate, a researcher finds that the chemical persists in bones before reentering the bloodstream. The mechanisms in which this herbicide interacts with important cells for development, called hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and breaks and rearranges DNA offers an explanation for the heightened risk of cancer, specifically blood cancers like non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), myeloma, and leukemia. This review focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which exposure to glyphosate contributes to the risk of hematopoietic cancers based on the current scientific literature. In identifying glyphosate as a genotoxic threat that lingers in bones, the study’s author, Charles Benbrook, PhD, is able to connect the compound with heightened blood cancer risks. (See Daily News here.)

A literature review of studies published between 2011 to 2020, as analyzed by the Federal University of Goias, Brazil, finds occupational exposure to agricultural pesticides increases the risk for 45 different types of cancer, with multiple myeloma, bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and prostate cancer as the most prevalent forms of cancer. This study highlights the significant role that long-term research plays in identifying potential health concerns surrounding registered pesticides. (See Daily News here.)

More recent research, as shared in an article in The New Lede, entitled Seeking answers to a cancer crisis in Iowa, researchers question if agriculture is to blame, documents case studies of cancer diagnoses linked to chemical-intensive agriculture. The New Lede article captures the experiences of individuals in Iowa on “the rising rates of cancer plaguing the state,” with a call for an investigation of “potential environmental causes for what some call a cancer ‘crisis.’” Through both personal stories of cancer patients with no other known risk factors aside from agricultural exposure, as well as comments from community members a listening session held in Indianola, Iowa, the article highlights not only the pervasiveness of cancer but the heightened risks of living in areas heavily farmed with toxic chemicals. (See more here.)

Moving Forward

With cancer as one of the leading causes of death across the globe, studies associating pesticide exposure with cancer offer insight into the underlying mechanisms that cause the disease. It is essential to recognize the health implications of pesticide use and exposure on humans, particularly if pesticides increase chronic disease risk. Thus, Beyond Pesticides tracks the most recent news and studies related to pesticides through the Daily News Blog and Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database (PIDD). This database supports the clear need for strategic action to shift away from pesticide dependency.

One way to reduce human and environmental contamination from pesticides is buying, growing, and supporting organic. Numerous studies find that levels of pesticide metabolites within the human body are lower after switching to an all-organic diet. For more information on how organic is the right choice for consumers, see Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture. Take action: >> Ask the U.S. Senate to hold the line and reject the House Farm Bill, pass a clean bill that extends the current law, and regroup to build a sustainable agricultural sector that respects farmers, farmworkers, consumers, and the environment.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

del Rosal, M. et al. (2026) Environmental exposures and multiple myeloma risk: A contemporary review of epidemiologic associations and mechanistic plausibility, Blood Reviews. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268960X26000317.

(Beyond Pesticides, May 6, 2026) Adding to the wide body of science highlighting the adverse effects of pesticides on pollinators, as extensively documented in Daily News and What the Science Shows on Biodiversity, a study published in Insects finds threats to Italian honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) following exposure to insecticides with contrasting toxicity levels. Both the high toxicity and low toxicity compounds impact honey bee gut bacteria and gut microbial composition, showing how even “reduced risk” insecticides can have sublethal effects and jeopardize pollinator health.

As the authors point out, “Honey bees depend on a small but highly specialized community of gut bacteria that help them digest food, resist infections, and cope with environmental stress.” Because of this, chemicals that disrupt the honey bee gut microbiome can threaten their survival. In the current study, the researchers analyze two compounds to determine adverse impacts on honey bees’ gut microbiota: emamectin benzoate-lufenuron (EB-LFR), an avermectin insecticide with high toxicity, and RH-5849 (1,2-dibenzoyl-1-tert-butylhydrazine), a non-steroidal ecdysone agonist (mimicking the action of the insect molting hormone) and insect growth regulator with reported lower toxicity.

The results reveal that both toxicity levels can harm gut microbial composition, with EB-LFR “associated with observed reductions in beneficial bacteria and the detection of opportunistic microbes” and RH-5849 “associated with a broader depletion of beneficial taxa.” This indicates that all insecticides, even those considered “reduced risk,” can impact honey bee health and further contribute to the already devastating population declines of pollinators. (See more on the “insect apocalypse” here.)

“[E]ven when acute mortality is limited, alterations in gut microbiota composition may contribute to reduced colony resilience over time,” the researchers note. The classification of RH-5849 as having low toxicity or “reduced risk” in the regulatory environment is solely based on acute toxicity, which does not take into account chronic and low-level exposure that can lead to destabilizing effects, including those addressed in this study.

Background

Honey bees provide essential ecosystem services with pollination in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, which support global food security and overall biodiversity. Despite their importance, many environmental contaminants, namely pesticides, threaten pollinator populations. “In the United States, managed colonies decreased from six million in 1947 to 2.5 million in 2022, with annual losses averaging 30%,” the study authors share. They continue: “Similar declines are reported in Asia, where the distribution of the Eastern honey bee (A. cerana cerana) has contracted by 60% due to habitat degradation and biological invasions. These losses arise from multiple interacting stressors, including parasites, pathogens, nutritional deficits, climate change, and pesticide exposure.”

As the honey bee gut microbiome relies on a highly specialized community of bacteria, disruptions to gut microbiota can have devastating effects on honey bee health. “This community exhibits functional resilience under moderate environmental stress, but severe perturbations can disrupt colonization dynamics, metabolic interactions, and immune signaling,” the researchers note. Research shows that pesticide exposure is a major driver of dysbiosis in honey bees and other organisms, highlighting the microbial imbalance and reduction in beneficial microorganisms that can occur with exposure to environmental contaminants.

Methodology and Results

To address previous knowledge gaps for acute toxicity and gut microbiota responses in bees for exposure to insecticides with contrasting toxicity profiles, the study authors subject honey bees to EB-LFR and RH-5849 and analyze microbiota composition 24 hours and 48 hours after oral and contact exposure. Higher mortality occurred throughout the 48 hours in many of the bees with higher doses of contact exposure as compared to oral exposure, indicating delayed toxic effects. Both exposure methods reveal gut microbiota response patterns in honey bees, but differ in the types of bacteria that are impacted.

In describing the results, the authors state: “EB-LFR, a highly toxic formulation, was associated with reductions in core symbionts and the detection of opportunistic taxa, whereas RH-5849, a low-toxicity ecdysone agonist, was associated with a broader reduction in beneficial bacteria… These observations are consistent with previous work showing that pesticide chemistry and mode of action can influence microbial homeostasis in bees, and they highlight the importance of considering sublethal microbial responses alongside mortality in pesticide risk assessment.”

These changes in the gut microbiome of honey bees can impact colony-level health. Once the gut microbiota composition changes from the delicate balance needed for processing nutrients, detoxification, and immune functioning, honey bee survival is threatened. This imbalance can also leave organisms more susceptible to other diseases and impact foraging efficiency.

Previous Research

In Daily News, Variability in Effect of Pesticides on Bumblebee Survival Tied to Gut Microbiome Health, research shows that different species of bees can have variation in their sensitivity to pesticide exposure, as shown with changes in their gut microbes. These varying levels are important to understand, as pesticides can severely threaten certain organisms while being considered safe in risk assessments. (See Study of Pesticide Risk in Wild Bee Species Highlights EPA Risk Assessment Inadequacies for more information.)

Additional peer-reviewed science connects pesticides, particularly neonicotinoid insecticides, to adverse effects on pollinator health. One study of ecotoxicity risk from neonicotinoid insecticides, published in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, finds that chemicals in this class of pesticides increase the body temperature of honey bees and subsequently accelerate the translocation (movement) of contaminants into hives. (See Daily News here.) Another study of chronic toxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam to honey bees, published in Insects, finds sublethal effects that threaten the survival of bee larvae and the health of bee colonies. (See here.)

Beyond Pesticides continues to cover the regulatory deficiencies involving neonicotinoids and other pesticides, as evidenced in previous Daily News Study Cites Ban of Bee-Killing Pesticides in EU, Inaction in U.S. and Canada. This reviews the varied agricultural neonicotinoid insecticide regulation approaches regarding bans and exemption-based restrictions in the European Union, Canada, and the United States. Despite an ever-growing and overwhelming body of science linking neonicotinoids to adverse effects on pollinators and other nontarget species, all regulations fall short in protecting the environment and wildlife, further supporting the urgent need for a full transition to organic agriculture and land management practices that remove neonicotinoid exposure routes and subsequent health threats.

Support the Organic Solution

The tenuous balance seen in nature, with proper ecosystem functioning, relies on rich biodiversity. Insects, such as honey bees, are invaluable for pollination, which many plants depend on for survival and reproduction, including those in food production. The role of pollinators in global crop yields and biodiversity in natural ecosystems, however, is gravely threatened by environmental contaminants, as documented in the current study and a plethora of other scientific literature.

As a solution, organically managed systems can help protect and support pollinator populations. One study, published in Global Ecology and Conservation, builds on the breadth of existing research in recent years that underscores the adverse public health and biodiversity effects associated with a food system that is drenched in synthetic chemicals, as well as additional evidence of the ecological and economic benefits of organic agriculture. In investigating the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes in organic and non-organic areas in “bee hotels,” the researchers find that there is a positive correlation between organically managed fields and numerous indicators of improved pollinator health, including an increase in bee abundance, species richness, and diversity. (See Daily News here.)

For more information on the direct impacts of organic practices on pollinators, see Study Adds to Wide Body of Science Highlighting Benefits of Organic for Insect Biodiversity. Additional health and environmental benefits are available here and here. Take action to advance organic programs both locally, such as with the Parks for a Sustainable Future program, and across the U.S., or even right in your own backyard. Learn how to implement non-toxic lawns and landscapes and Spring Into Action!

Tell your U.S. Representative and Senators to become a cosponsor of the Opportunities in Organic Act (S. 3717/H.R. 7318). The Opportunities in Organic Act will: 

• Modernize and expand Organic Certification Cost Share, covering up to $1,500 per operation per scope, with flexibility to exceed that cap for socially disadvantaged producers or regions with higher certification costs;  

• Invest in organic transition and resilience, including funding for nonprofits to provide hands-on support, pass-through assistance to farmers, and help offset income losses during transition;  

• Strengthen organic supply chains, including processing, storage, distribution, and market access—especially in underserved regions;  

• Expand technical assistance and education, through USDA agencies, extension, universities, Tribes, and nonprofit partners, ensuring farmers nationwide can access organic expertise; and  

• Provide $50 million in annual funding initially, with an increase to $100 million in 2030-2031.

You can also join Beyond Pesticides as a member, where you add your voice to the urgent movement to eliminate fossil fuel-based pesticide use within the next 10 years, help put a stop to toxic emissions and exposure, and advocate for public health and the environment. Help us continue to raise the alarm about the climate crisis, biodiversity decline, and health challenges, and promote the solution: organic agriculture and land management. Join today to be part of the organic movement!

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Kan, Y. et al. (2026) Contrasting Toxicity Classes Differentially Affect Gut Microbiota Composition in Honey Bees, Insects. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/17/4/437.

(Beyond Pesticides, May 5, 2026) In a literature review of peer-reviewed research published in Cambridge University publication Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, researchers at Institute for Applied Agriculture Research (Germany) and Swette Center for Sustainable Food Systems (Arizona State University, USA) determine that organically managed systems have better performance indicators under climate-induced stressors, emit less nitrous oxide emissions, increase overall soil organic carbon, and reduce overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The researchers also point out the potential socio-ecological benefits of organic management systems, including their potential for building local and regional food systems.

On the eve of the Spring National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) meeting in the United States, advocates continue to call for a wholesale transition to organic and for the immediate appointment of five Board members, who the U.S. Department of Agriculture has failed to seat to fill vacancies, representing farmers, consumers, and an organic certifier.

Main Findings

This literature review is a follow-up to a 2010 literature review that evaluates the climate mitigation and adaptation potential of organic agriculture based on new science from 2010 to 2025. The research is derived from meta-analyses, peer-reviewed studies, and global reports published by sources such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO). Findings include metrics on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil carbon sequestration, energy use, and yields, among others, pertaining to climate resilience.

Climate Mitigation Findings

• Organically managed systems reduce indirect CO2 emissions largely due to the avoidance of synthetic fertilizers. (See cited studies here and here.)
• Organic agriculture increases soil organic matter, offering potential long-term offsets for agricultural emissions more broadly. (See cited studies here and here.)
• There are lower N₂O emissions per hectare. (See cited study here.)
• There are potential reductions in methane emissions in livestock systems due to grazing and composting. (See cited studies here and here.)
• Total GHG emissions are lower in organic versus conventional systems due to reduced agrichemical inputs and gains in soil carbon. (See cited studies here and here.)

Climate Adaptation Findings

• Organic systems improve soil fertility due to higher organic matter, which in turn supports soil structure and water retention capacity, critical under drought conditions and climate variability. (See cited studies here and here.)
• Under harsher conditions, organic systems show more stable yields compared to conventional systems. (See cited studies here and here.)
• Organic systems have been found to emphasize local seed breeds and genetic diversity, lending to climate adaptation potential relative to the chemical-intensive status quo. (See cited studies here, here, and here.)

System-Level Assessment Findings

• Organic farming alone does not guarantee climate-neutral agricultural systems, with broader transformation necessary along the lines of incentivizing integrated crop-livestock, landscape diversification and integration (agroforestry), and on-site crop diversification, among other interventions.
• A transition to plant-based diets with organically managed systems is essential, according to the researchers, in terms of GHG emissions and competing demands for land and resource use. (See cited studies here, here, and here.)
• Organically managed food systems associated with local supply chains and lower consumption of meat combine to ensure more sustainable consumption patterns. (See cited studies here, here, and here.)
• From a behavioral change standpoint, organic systems encourage an environmental ethic and strengthen cooperatives (considering many organic farmers organize in associations across the globe and the U.S.), ultimately enhancing knowledge-sharing among agricultural stakeholders. (See cited studies here and here.)

Previous Coverage

The preponderance of scientific evidence, not to mention the various field trials led by farmers themselves, demonstrates that the organic transition is necessary for ensuring climate-resilient and smart agriculture without greenwashed solutions. (See Daily News here and here for examples of greenwashing.) This is in addition to increasing findings on the synergistic nature of the climate and pesticide contamination crises.

To better understand synergistic interactions between multiple stressors, researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research in Leipzig, Germany, analyze exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate with two nonchemical environmental factors: elevated temperature and food limitation. In their recent publication in Environmental Pollution, the authors find the greatest synergistic effects when Daphnia magna (D. magna) are subjected to esfenvalerate under conditions experienced with climate change, including lower food availability and increased temperature. D. magna, also known as daphnids or water fleas, are small planktonic crustaceans that represent an essential part of the food web in lakes and ponds. Impacts on populations of daphnids can lead to effects throughout multiple trophic levels that impact overall biodiversity. As the researchers state, “Global biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate in response to multiple environmental stressors… A key challenge is understanding synergistic interactions between multiple stressors and predicting their combined effects.” (See Daily News here.)

The climate crisis exacerbates pollution in communities. One recent example includes the destructive impact of Hurricane Milton, a climate-change-fueled extreme weather event that slammed into Florida in early October 2024 and led to the temporary closure of all phosphate mining facilities, integral to petrochemical fertilizer production, in the state after reported wastewater spillage, according to reporting by Tampa Bay Times. The Mosaic Company, the largest phosphate mining company in Florida, reported at least 17,500 gallons of wastewater from one of its processing plants leaked into Tampa Bay (“The Bay”), according to a company press release at the time. An analysis by Environment Florida Research & Policy Center found that the state environmental agency conservatively estimated that at least 91.65 million gallons of contaminated waterways and communities. Most of the pollution reports identify raw/partially treated sewage sludge (which has been found to include PFAS contamination), citing additional overflows from sources including a coal ash pond, ammonia, and phosphate mining wastewater. (See Daily News here.) For additional related coverage, please see here.

Another wrinkle to consider is the impact of Arctic ice melting induced by the climate crisis and the potential for additional toxic chemical and pesticide pollution. A study published in Nature Reviews Earth & Environment warns that thawing of permafrost (a ground that remains completely frozen for two or more years) in the Arctic region can prompt the reemergence of greenhouse gases (e.g., methane and carbon dioxide), microbes, and chemicals (e.g., banned pesticides like DDT). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including banned and current-use pesticides, are present in snow and ice on top of Arctic glaciers, according to a study published in Environmental Science & Technology.  Included are seven industrial chemicals, which include hexachlorobutadiene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-T4CB, pentachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorodimethoxybenene, and pesticides include heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide B, aldrin, α-and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), chlorpyrifos, trans- and cis-chlordane, 4,4′-DDE, dieldrin, dacthal (DCPA), trans-nonachlor, and α-endosulfan. Chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, and trans-chlordane dominate most Arctic areas, accounting for at least 50% of the total pesticide concentrations at each sample site. (See Daily News here. (See Daily News here.) For additional coverage, please see here.

In terms of water systems, a study of the effects of flooding on aquatic-terrestrial pesticide transfer, published in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, finds heightened risks to riparian zone ecosystems as flooding frequency continues to increase with climate change. Riparian buffers, recognized as biodiversity hotspots, “are increasingly subjected to various stressors, including chemical contaminants such as pesticides,” the authors state. As transportation of toxic compounds can occur not only through surface runoff but also through flooding events, the frequency and duration of floods can greatly impact the cumulative effects of pesticides on soil health and organisms within ecosystems. (See Daily News here.) This builds on the findings of a previous study, published through the American Chemical Society, which analyzes pesticide contamination in riparian soil and plants as a result of flooding from streams in Germany.   “[O]ur study provides evidence from the field that nontarget plant species typical for riparian stream sites receive considerable pesticide exposure via flooding events,” the authors state. This exposure, and subsequent bioaccumulation in plants, threatens the food web, as many riparian plants are a vital food source for insects. (See Daily News here.)

The research on soil systems is also detailed. Through a literature review and data analysis of almost 2,000 soil samples, the authors of a recent study find negative effects on the presence of plant-beneficial bacteria (PBB) in soil with pesticide exposure, particularly bacteria with plant growth-promoting traits that are essential for crop productivity. The study, published in Nature Communications, by researchers at China’s Shaoxing University and Zhejiang University of Technology, adds to scientific literature documenting the effects of pesticides on soil health. (See Daily News here.) For additional coverage, please see here.

In the midst of a climate crisis and a lack of government recording of atmospheric measurements of sulfuryl fluoride (SO₂F₂), a study of the estimated emissions of sulfuryl fluoride throughout the U.S. shows elevated levels being released in California. The study, performed by researchers from Johns Hopkins University’s Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, University of California’s Scripps Institute of Oceanography, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Global Monitoring Laboratory, uses measurements from the NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network and a geostatistical inverse model.  Sulfuryl fluoride is a fluoride compound and pesticide used primarily for the extermination of drywood termites and beetles—linked to increased greenhouse gas emissions and having acute exposure consequences—with little data collected or reported on the amount of sulfuryl fluoride being used and released into the atmosphere. (See Daily News here.)

Pesticide dependency and climate change exacerbate biodiversity breakdown. In the book, Biological Control Systems and Climate Change, published this month, Danilo Russo, PhD—a speaker during the first session of our 42nd National Forum, The Pesticide Threat to Environmental Health: Advancing Holistic Solutions Aligned with Nature—and other researchers add to the existing literature on the climate change threat to ecosystem services. Dr. Russo’s chapter, entitled “Impact of Climate Change on Bats Involved in Biological Control,” explains one of the lost benefits of ecological balance attributable to the climate crisis. As explained in the book: “In conservation biological control, habitats surrounding and within crops are managed to favour an increase in natural enemy populations while suppressing pest populations. These agroecological systems can be complex, and are affected by climate change.” The ability of climate change to influence the effectiveness of biological control systems is explored, showing the “effects on the large diversity of macro- and microorganisms involved in biocontrol, and the possible increase or decrease in pest outbreaks following changes in characteristics (morphology, physiology, behaviour….), distribution or phenology.” (See Daily News here.) A study published in Global Change Biology adds to research demonstrating that climate change can exacerbate the adverse impacts of pesticide exposure on managed and wild bees. Temperature can alter the sublethal effects of pesticides, particularly the neonicotinoid (neonic) imidacloprid and the sulfoximine sulfoxaflor, on bumble bee behavior tied to fitness and pollination services. Both an increase and a decrease in temperature can cause diverging thermal responses in bumblebee behavior. However, increasing temperature bears more severe behavioral abnormalities than cooler temperatures. (See Daily News here.) For additional analysis on the linkages between insect and pollinator die-offs, climate change, biodiversity, and pesticide impacts, please see here, here, and here.

When it comes to organically managed systems, emerging evidence continues to pile up in terms of their competitive edge over the chemical-intensive status quo on various climate resilience metrics. For example, a study published in European Journal of Agronomy, based on a 16-year, long-term experiment (LTE), finds that organic crops (cotton production with wheat and soybean rotations) in tropical climates are competitive with chemical-intensive (conventional) systems when evaluating systems’ resilience (to weather and insect resistance), input costs, and profitability. One of the underlying assumptions of continuous pesticide use is that the chemicals will continue to serve as effective weapons in the never-ending war against insects, weeds, and fungal diseases that threaten the economic viability and sustainability of the farming operations. While organic systems faced reduced yields due to pest pressures from pink bollworm infestations, their relative productivity decline was much smaller than that of the chemical-intensive operations. This study’s findings indicate that a different direction is not only possible, but necessary, for the long-term financial viability of farms. Farmers understand that the health of the soil is a compounding investment that will help or hurt you depending on the actions taken yesterday, today, and tomorrow. (See Daily News here.) A comprehensive study released in Journal of Cleaner Production in August 2023 identifies the potential for organic agriculture to mitigate the impacts of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the fight to address the climate crisis. In “The spatial distribution of agricultural emissions in the United States: The role of organic farming in mitigating climate change,” the authors determine that “a one percent increase in total farmland results in a 0.13 percent increase in GHG emissions, while a one percent increase in organic cropland and pasture leads to a decrease in emissions by about 0.06 percent and 0.007 percent, respectively.” (See Daily News here.)

A study published in Scientific Reports highlights the benefits of organic agriculture in comparison to different farming systems over five years on four crops (maize, tomato, faba bean, and potato). “Soil carbon sequestration is a long-time storage of carbon in soil which represents 70% of the carbon in land,” the authors note. “Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the agricultural practice systems on the soil carbon sequestration and properties, productivity, water consumption, soil carbon sequestration, CO₂ emission and cost of some agricultural crops.” As a result, the experiment reveals that, compared to chemical-intensive farming, organic methods enhance soil properties, reduce water consumption, provide higher yields and higher soil carbon sequestration, reduce CO2 emissions, and achieve the highest total net profit for all four crops after five years. (See Daily News here.)

The benefits of organic agriculture will also ensure that consumers can continue to enjoy popular products as the impacts of the climate crisis deepen. For example, organic banana production is significantly more conducive to microbial decomposition than its chemical-intensive counterparts in the Caribbean nation of Martinique, according to a recent study published in Applied Soil Ecology. “Macrofaunal decomposition was increased more (55%) than microbial decomposition (20%), indicating that organic farming removes a constraint of conventional farming, especially affecting macrofauna.” Biological activity in the soil is foundational to organic land management and critical to the cycling of nutrients that feed plant life while contributing to resiliency and soil water retention. (See Daily News here.) Additionally, In the Journal of Environmental Quality, researchers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) report that a 4-year organically managed corn-soybean-oat system reduces nitrogen (N) loads by 50 percent with corn and soybean yields “equivalent to or higher than conventional [chemical-intensive] in most years.” The findings from a 7-year study comparing nitrate loss in organic and chemical-intensive management found that organically managed perennial pasture reduced nitrogen loads significantly. The study, which focused on nitrate pollution in agriculture that harms biodiversity, threatens waterways, drinking water, and public health, and releases nitrous oxide (an extremely potent greenhouse gas), was conducted at USDA’s National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment. (See Daily News here.)

Call to Action

For additional background and analysis on the intersection of the climate, agrichemical, and fossil fuel dependency crises, see here for a review of a poignant article published in 2024 by Tracey Woodruff, PhD, author and professor at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).

The Spring 2026 National Organic Standards Board meeting will be held in Omaha, NE, and virtually, May 12-14, 2026. As part of this process, the public is invited to submit written comments and/or provide oral comments on the Spring 2026 meeting issues. Please see the Action of the Week, Organic Must Lead the Way, with suggested comments on priority issues to copy/paste into Regulations.gov; also featured in the Daily News from April 27, 2026, “Organic Standards Open to Comment; USDA Defies Congressional Mandate to Fill Organic Board Vacancies.” The deadline to submit written comments is 11:59 pm ET on Monday, May 4, 2026. Please get them in as early as possible! More information is also available in the  Keeping Organic Strong resource hub.

You can also contact your members of Congress to ask them to become a cosponsor of the Opportunities in Organic Act, which provides a significant opportunity to reduce barriers to organic farming, strengthen organic supply chains, and ensure that farmers have the support they need to transition to and remain in organic production to meet the growing demand for organic food and grow the sector. Importantly, the bill will provide an opportunity for partners to continue the transition support and technical assistance models that are proving effective through USDA’s Transition to Organic Partnership Program, which ends in 2026. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems

(Beyond Pesticides, May 4, 2026) Attention shifts to the U.S. Senate after the U.S. House of Representatives last week (April 30) passed a Farm Bill. In a bipartisan vote thought unthinkable just over a month ago when the House Agriculture Committee passed its Farm Bill, Democratic members of Congress, joined by 73 Republicans, stripped from the bill three chemical-industry authored provisions that would have severely weakened pesticide law on a vote of 280 to 142. The final bill, H.R. 7567—Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026, which is unacceptable to farm, farmworker, food, and environmental advocates, passed the House on a vote of 224 to 200. (See here for the vote tally.)

The Chair of the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee, Senator John Boozman (R-AR) pointed to the House bill as “bipartisan” and a “significant achievement.” Fourteen Democrats voted for the House bill and three Republicans voted against the legislation, which has been widely referred to as a Republican bill since it was written by Republican lawmakers without input from Democrats. It is not clear whether Sen. Boozman will move ahead with bipartisan negotiations on Senate Farm Bill language.  

Beyond Pesticides, along with environmental, farm, farmworker, and consumer groups, is calling on the U.S. Senate to hold the line and reject the House Farm Bill, pass a clean bill that extends the current law, and regroup to build a sustainable agricultural sector that respects farmers, farmworkers, consumers, and the environment. 

The House bill, according to advocates, is so fundamentally flawed that they are asking the Senate to reject it and extend the current law with a “clean bill,” free of all controversial amendments that have been characterized as poison pills. Overall, critics say, the House Farm Bill increases dependency on petrochemical fertilizers (which contribute to escalating toxic pesticide use), ignores hunger (despite a historically large $186 billion cut to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/SNAP), dismisses the notion of a fair, responsible, and accessible family farm safety net, and rolls back successful conservation investments.

The bipartisan group of House members rejected the following pesticide industry provisions that were reported out of the House Agriculture Committee on March 5:

• Immunity for chemical companies from liability and failure to warn. Prohibits lawsuits by farmers and consumers harmed by pesticides for which manufacturers failed to provide complete safety warnings (Section 10205);
• Preemption of state and local authority. Takes away the authority of local governments to protect residents and the local environment from pesticide use with local restrictions (Section 10206); and,
• Exemption of pesticides from reviews to protect water, ecosystems, and endangered species. Repeals requirements in numerous federal statutes authorized by Congress over the last 50 years to protect against local pesticide contamination that could adversely affect waterways, drinking water, federal projects, endangered species, migratory birds, and toxic waste cleanup (Section 10207).

The effort in Congress to remove these provisions was led by Reps. Chellie Pingree (D-ME) and Thomas Massie (R-KY). Rep. Anna Paulina Luna (R-FL) sponsored the successful amendment on the House floor. However, it left in the bill provisions that:

• Redefine and exempt plant regulators, biostimulants, “inert” ingredients, and genetically engineered materials from proper oversight. Pesticides and related “plant incorporated protectants” as listed above would be exempted from the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) registration review requirements, as well as from tolerance setting requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (Section 10201); 
• Further weaken and delay safety measures and environmental protections with a requirement for “harmonizing” interagency coordination. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is charged with considering the economic costs of increased risk mitigation measures when up for public comment, further weakening a science-based approach to risk management that considers alternatives. The USDA Office of Pest Management Policy is mandated to coordinate with other federal agencies to consider pesticide use data, economic data of viable chemical alternatives, and likely to advance chemical-intensive practices (Section 10202);
• Weaken Endangered Species Act protections under new interagency working group regulations. The interagency working group will now require the Office of Pest Management Policy to attend, limit meeting requirements to just once a year rather than twice a year, and increase the influence of chemical companies in pesticide registration review decisions before public meetings are held (Section 10203); and, 
• Diminish the integrity of the pesticide registration review process. Repeals Section 711 of the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2022, which mandates that EPA complete initial registration reviews of pesticides by October 1, 2026, striking a blow to scientific integrity and the assurance that active ingredients are adequately assessed before being released into the market (Section 10204).

People wanting to voice concern can: Ask the U.S. Senate to hold the line and reject the House Farm Bill, pass a clean bill that extends the current law, and regroup to build a sustainable agricultural sector that respects farmers, farmworkers, consumers, and the environment.

Letter to U.S. Senators: 
The House-passed Farm Bill threatens the sustainability of the agricultural sector, family farms, food security, and environmental protection. It is fundamentally flawed and its provisions should be rejected. Instead, I urge you to advance a clean Farm Bill that extends the current law to allow time to negotiate truly bipartisan legislation. 

Overall, the House Farm Bill increases dependency on petrochemical fertilizers (which contribute to escalating toxic pesticide use), ignores hunger (despite a historically large $187 billion cut to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/SNAP), dismisses the notion of a fair, responsible, and accessible family farm safety net, and rolls back successful conservation investments. 

The House, with bipartisan support, did remove several provisions on the House floor that would have eliminated: judicial review of chemical manufacturers‘ failure to warn about pesticide hazards; the democratic right of local governments in coordination with states to protect residents from pesticide use; and, local site-specific action to ensure protection—the safety of air, water, and land from pesticides under numerous environmental statutes.  

However, the House Farm Bill includes numerous egregious provisions that: Redefine and exempt plant regulators, biostimulants, “inert” ingredients, and genetically engineered materials from proper oversight. [Pesticides and related “plant incorporated protectants” as listed above would be exempted from the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) registration review requirements, as well as from tolerance setting requirements under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (Section 10201).]; Further weaken and delay safety measures and environmental protections with a requirement for “harmonizing” interagency coordination. [The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is charged with considering the economic costs of increased risk mitigation measures when up for public comment, further weakening a science-based approach to risk management that considers alternatives. The USDA Office of Pest Management Policy is mandated to coordinate with other federal agencies to consider pesticide use data, economic data of viable chemical alternatives, and likely to advance chemical-intensive practices (Section 10202).]; Weaken Endangered Species Act protections under new interagency working group regulations. [The interagency working group will now require the Office of Pest Management Policy to attend, limit meeting requirements to just once a year rather than twice a year, and increase the influence of chemical companies in pesticide registration review decisions before public meetings are held (Section 10203).]; and, Diminish the integrity of the pesticide registration review process. [Repeals Section 711 of the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2022, which mandates that EPA complete initial registration reviews of pesticides by October 1, 2026, striking a blow to scientific integrity and the assurance that active ingredients are adequately assessed before being released into the market (Section 10204).]   

With the current challenges to the farm economy, food security, health, and the environment, please reject the House Farm Bill provisions, adopt a clean extension, and develop a meaningful bipartisan proposal that honors the value of family farms and sustainable agriculture. 

Thank you. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, May 1, 2026) A study in Psychiatry Research, entitled “Toxic Exposure and Rates of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among U.S. Military Veterans,” adds to the body of science linking poorer mental health among military members with exposure to environmental contaminants. While previous research focuses on mental health broadly, the current observational cohort study focuses on exposure to toxic substances and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) through the analysis of data from 248,926 U.S. veterans enrolled in the Million Veteran Program (MVP). In comparing self-reported exposures to nine toxicants, including Agent Orange, chemical/biological weapons, anthrax vaccine, solvents/fuels, petroleum combustion products, lead, other metals, pesticides, and open-air burn pits, and mental health records, the researchers find that military veterans with higher toxic exposures are more likely to have STBs.

The authors also report that these associations occur across all major service cohorts (pre-Vietnam, Vietnam, post-Vietnam, Gulf War, and post-9/11 eras). “Our work contributes to growing evidence that veterans who report more toxic exposures are more likely to have STBs, consistent with greater risk for other mental health outcomes (e.g., depression, PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder]),” the researchers conclude.

Importance and Background

Military members experience increased health risks with exposure to environmental contaminants, such as pesticides. This occupational exposure is similar to the increased risks associated with farmers and farmworkers, as well as vulnerable communities, who experience disproportionate risks. As Beyond Pesticides shares, pesticide exposure itself does not discriminate, as these toxic chemicals impact the health of all men, women, and children alike. However, pesticide exposure patterns tend to cause elevated rates of health disparities and disorders. (See Daily News coverage on disproportionate risks here.)

Disproportionate military exposure to environmental toxicants remains consistent over different eras of military service and geographic locations while the specific compounds vary. “For example, service during Vietnam included possible exposure to the chemical herbicide Agent Orange, whereas later operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait included risk for exposure to open air burn pits and other airborne hazards,” the authors note. (See study here.) They continue: “Acknowledgement of these exposures and the health risks that accompanied them resulted in the 2022 Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics (PACT) Act. The PACT Act established mandatory exposure screening and coverage of illnesses presumed to be associated with toxins and increased the number of veterans eligible to receive covered care through the Department of Veteran’s Affairs (VA) health care systems.” (See Beyond Pesticides’ coverage of the PACT Act here.)

Evidence linking exposure to environmental contaminants and poorer mental health continues to mount, as this study points to the lack of research on military veterans and STBs prior to this research. “Other mental health disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are more prevalent among veterans with toxic exposure and associated with greater risk for STBs,” the researchers state. “For example, a recent study found that post-9/11 veterans who reported more toxic exposure had worsening mental health symptoms over the next decade, suggesting that risk for STBs among veterans with toxic exposure might increase over time.” (See studies here, here, and here.)

Methodology and Results

Using data from the 248,926 veterans in the MVP cohort, this study links self-reported toxic exposure to an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. “We also examined whether associations varied by service era and specific toxic exposure type, the rate of exposure for specific toxins, the categories of STBs, and the extent to which the associations might reflect a broader association between toxic exposure and mental health by accounting for PTSD and depressive symptoms,” the authors explain.

Electronic medical records were used to confirm the history of STBs in veterans, which includes suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or death by suicide. In total, the data reveals 32,931 participants (13.2%) with STBs. As a result, veterans who reported more toxic exposures are more likely to have STBs, with “a 7.2% increased risk of STBs for each additional toxic exposure a veteran reports.” The statistical analysis shows that each additional toxic exposure translated “to a 0.7% increase in the absolute risk and a 5.9% increase in the relative risk of having STBs.”

In summary, the researchers state, “Our findings contribute to a growing literature linking toxic exposures to negative mental health outcomes, particularly among military veterans.” They continue, “[I]ncreased rates of STBs associated with toxic exposure could be interpreted as a global increase in risk for negative mental health outcomes among individuals reporting more toxic exposure. This interpretation is supported by the results for the specific categories of STBs, which showed the association between toxic exposure and STBs was largely explained by higher rates of suicidal ideation. Taken together, these results suggest higher risk for STBs among veterans with toxic exposures are likely to be accompanied by mental health diagnoses, such as depression and PTSD (and vice versa).”

Previous Coverage

In recent comments to the Department of Veterans Affairs regarding the plan to conduct an assessment of scientific literature and historical claims data as it relates to military environmental exposure and neurodegenerative outcomes, Beyond Pesticides continues to advocate for the recognition of disproportionate risks to service members and the transition to safer alternatives. Exposure to environmental contaminants, such as pesticides, asbestos, industrial solvents, smoke and toxic fumes, lead, fuel, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), occurs through various activities. The inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of these dangerous compounds take place during deployment and training, both on and off base, as service members encounter burn pits, airborne dust and fumes from chemical warfare agents or pesticide applications, and contaminated food and drinking water. Pesticide-treated uniforms are also a direct source of dermal exposure, particularly as sweat in field conditions increases absorption. (See studies here and here.)

Unfortunately, the majority of research connects military exposure to adverse health effects many years or decades after exposure has occurred. One study, published in JAMA Neurology, connects military service to increased risks of Parkinson’s, finding that the disease incidence was 70% higher in Camp Lejeune veterans (stationed there during 1975-1985) as compared with veterans stationed at a Marine Corps base where water was not contaminated with trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds.

A wide body of research continues to mount on Gulf War Illness (also known as Gulf War Syndrome). One previous report shows that at least one in four of the 697,000 U.S. veterans of the 1991 Gulf War suffer from Gulf War illness, a condition caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, including pesticides. In the report, a federal panel of scientific experts and veterans on the Congressionally-mandated Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans’ Illnesses said, “The extensive body of scientific research now available consistently indicates that Gulf War illness is real, that it is the result of neurotoxic exposures during Gulf War deployment, and that few veterans have recovered or substantially improved with time.” The 450-page report was a landmark study that brough together for the first time the full range of scientific research and government investigations on Gulf War illness. (See Daily News here.)

Additional scientific literature connects exposure to “rainbow herbicides,” particularly Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War to significant health impacts. Agent Orange contained significant amounts of the synthetic contaminant dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), often called TCDD. Dioxins are highly toxic chemicals that persist for years in the environment (especially in soils, lake and river sediments, and the food chain) and accumulate in fatty tissues of animals. Dioxins are carcinogenic, toxic even at very low exposure levels, and responsible for both acute and long-term effects. They have been proven to cause not only cancer, but also, other grave health problems, such as birth defects, extreme rashes, and severe neurological and psychological issues. Research finds that U.S. war veterans exposed to Agent Orange developed chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, prostate cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. Many children of exposed veterans have also been affected by their parents’ exposure to the chemical and show a wide range of symptoms, highlighting the multigenerational effects of this exposure.

Research on pesticide-treated uniforms has established a link to Parkinson’s as well. Multiple studies, including those published in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, Toxicology Letters, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, and Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, show increased exposure to military service members to the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin through their uniforms. Permethrin exposure can cause neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and organ damage, among others, and is particularly linked to Parkinson’s. A JAMA Neurology study found that the risk of Parkinsonism doubled with increased occupational exposure to pesticides. Permethrin was associated with a more than three-fold increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. (See Daily News here.)

Aside from neurodegenerative effects, such as with Parkinson’s, military exposure is linked to other neurological implications, including poorer mental health outcomes outlined in the current study and additional research. A review, written by medical professionals and researchers throughout the U.S. and published in Medical Care, analyzed the existing literature on associations between military environmental exposures to contaminants, including pesticides, and mental health outcomes. The 49 studies in the review, covering chemical exposures for military members, involve chemical munitions from the Gulf War era and Agent Orange from the Vietnam War era that are associated with symptoms of depression, PTSD, and anxiety, among others. (See Daily News here.)

The Organic Solution

The evidence is clear that neurological impacts are disproportionately present in military service members. The solution to these disproportionate risks for military service members lies in systems-based, holistic change. Whether in the military, commercial agriculture, or home gardens, toxic pesticides and other environmental contaminants have no place. The threats to the health of entire ecosystems, wildlife, and humans are unreasonable, especially given available alternatives such as organic land management.

In adopting organic standards, which are continuously improved upon through the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), all life can be protected. Learn more about the Spring 2026 NOSB meeting, which will be held in Omaha, NE, and available virtually, May 12-14, through the Keeping Organic Strong resource page. A draft meeting agenda is available HERE. And a detailed agenda, along with the proposals, is available HERE. Written comments are due by 11:59 pm ET Monday, May 4, 2026. Beyond Pesticides launched an action to encourage public engagement with the NOSB public comment period. Click here to see and participate in the action.

Additional information about the health and environmental benefits of organic methods can be found here and here. Have your voice heard by participating in Action of the Week, which is intended to provide you, our supporters and network, with one concrete action that you can take each week regarding governmental actions that are harmful to the environment and public and worker health, increase overall pesticide use, or undermine the advancement of organic, sustainable, and regenerative practices and policies.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Bourassa, K. et al. (2026) Toxic Exposure and Rates of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among U.S. Military Veterans, Psychiatry Research. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178126002337.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 30, 2026) On April 27, 2026, advocates—including Beyond Pesticides—from across the political spectrum came together in front of the U.S. Supreme Court to speak out against the chemical industry campaign, led by Bayer/Monsanto, the Trump administration, and Republican lawmakers, to shield chemical manufacturers from liability for failing to warn people who have been harmed by their pesticides. Their multi-pronged strategy targets the U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Congress, and state legislatures.

The question of the public’s right to sue chemical manufacturers that do not warn of product hazards was heard before the Supreme Court, as Monsanto argued that people who have been diagnosed with cancer after using the weed killer glyphosate should be prohibited from suing the company for failing to warn on the product label. The chemical manufacturer argued in Monsanto v. Durnell that federal registration of a pesticide preempts legal rights afforded to people under state law under U.S. federalism. The chemical industry is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to reverse decades of jurisprudence and shield manufacturers from liability associated with those who are harmed but not warned about pesticide adverse effects like cancer, neurological or immunological conditions, reproductive dysfunction, and other chronic illnesses.

Highlighted Quotes from the Rally

“This is a case about people who have been harmed but not warned. Is the court going to allow the chemical industry to hide behind deceptive product labeling on hazards that should have been known and disclosed? On a daily basis, my organization, Beyond Pesticides, hears from people whose health has been harmed— and they have not been warned. That’s because our weak federal law does not require disclosure of potential threats, like cancer,” said Max Sano, Beyond Pesticides’ senior policy and coalitions associate, at the Supreme Court rally. He continued: “As the son of a naturalized citizen turned small business owner, I grew up with the now fleeting notion of the American Dream. Immigrants and farmworkers, regardless of their legal status, are a cornerstone of what makes our country great. Advocates, including founders of Beyond Pesticides, are in the fight for equity and the common good, a healthy life with clean water and air, a safe workplace, a society that treats all those living within our borders with dignity and humanity.”

“Inside that building, Monsanto-Bayer will be arguing for the right to poison us and not be held accountable,” said Vani Hari, New York Times Best-Selling Author, food activist, and founder of Food Babe and Truvani. She continued: “Let’s be honest, we wouldn’t be here right now if President Trump didn’t sign that Executive Order. We wouldn’t be here right now if they weren’t inside that building arguing on Monsanto’s behalf. We wouldn’t be here right now if they didn’t submit that amicus brief and that recommendation to the Supreme Court to look at this case when they have lost all over the country.”

“I have been an organic farmer in Maine since the 1970s, and no one can tell me or the other farmers here today that we can’t grow food without all of these toxic chemicals,” said U.S. Representative Chellie Pingree (D-ME). She continued: “For me, this life-long fight has been to make sure everyone has access to healthy food without toxic chemicals and every farmer has the resources that they need to farm organically and regeneratively.”

“Americans are under attack. There are four fronts to this war with the German company; they’re attacking our executive branch, our legislative branch at the state level, our legislative branch here in Washington D.C., and the courts,” said U.S. Representative Thomas Massie (R-KY). He continued: “And what do they want? They want a get-out-of-court-free card. We’re not going to give it to them. Was the EPA established to protect the environment and the people? Or was it established to protect foreign corporations when they harmed the environment and the people?”

“The pesticide industry is playing their very last card. They are begging the justices, Congress, and the administration to airlift them out of responsibility so that they can keep making us sick and make every dime they can off of our illness, says Kelly Ryerson, founder of The Glyphosate Girl. She continued: “That is the pesticide liability shield. Let’s call it what it is—its a bailout from accountability and a request to be placed above the law.”

“When this country was formed, it was formed because we gave the rights to have police power over health and safety, and gave rights to people to have access to courts. That’s a cornerstone. The 10^th Amendment is the cornerstone of this country,” says former U.S. Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-OH). He continued: “And what Monsanto is trying to do with the help of the Justice Department and the Trump Administration is to give a special corporate carve out so that Article Six, the Supremacy Clause, will enable preemption of state laws.”

“Right now, the U.S. uses millions of pounds of pesticides every year, and it is poisoning our air, our soil, our waters, and our bodies. Pesticide companies are raking in billions while the rest of us suffer,” says Sarah Starman, food and agriculture campaigner at Friends of the Earth. She continued: “People all across the country—rural and urban, left and right—are coming together to demand healthier food and less exposure to toxic chemicals.”

“I’m here with anyone who believes that our indiscriminate use of pesticides is wrecking the environment, pushing wildlife to extinction, and creating a toxic soup of chemicals that are making us sick and polluting our water and air.” said J.W. Glass, senior EPA policy specialist at the Center for Biological Diversity. He continued: “The science is clear—pesticides like glyphosate, atrazine, paraquat, and dozens of others that are banned in other countries but still ludicrously allowed in the United States are making us sick and pushing pollinators and wildlife to extinction.”

“Center for Food Safety has a lot of experience with the EPA, and it comes from suing them and winning cases. And for us it’s a no-brainer: EPA deserves zero trust,” said Bill Freese, science director at Center for Food Safety. He continued: “In one of our lawsuits, a federal court actually revoked EPA’s human health assessment, and it was because EPA denied glyphosate could cause cancer but at the same time it said, ‘Well, it might just cause non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.’ It’s not just ‘might’ EPA, thousands of Roundup victims can tell you glyphosate causes cancer.”

Call to Action

Please see here to see a recording of the speech at the rally delivered by Max Sano, senior policy and coalitions associate at Beyond Pesticides.

Alongside the rally, Beyond Pesticides and Center for Food Safety hosted a webinar analyzing in real-time the oral arguments and questions from the bench in Monsanto v. Durnell before the Supreme Court. For additional information, please see our backgrounder document. For more information on the issues before the U.S. Congress, see Advocates Call on Congress To Reject House Agriculture Committee Farm Bill and Extend Current Law.

JUST RELEASED: The webinar, Monsanto v. Durnell—Real-Time Analysis with George and Jay, a critique with audio from the Supreme Court session on one of the most foundational cases on pesticides in decades, Monsanto v. Durnell, can be viewed at [Click here or watch below] U.S. Supreme Court Analysis of Oral Arguments in Monsanto Case.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Backgrounder Document

(Beyond Pesticides, April 29, 2026) A study published in Environmental Technology & Innovation finds that organically managed coconut farms significantly improve soil health across numerous markers when compared with conventional (chemical-intensive) plantations. This comes as no surprise to public health and environmental advocates, including farmers, who have seen firsthand the importance of transitioning to land management systems that are in sync with nature.

Methodology and Results

The research took place in Ben Tre Province of Vietnam across 12 organically managed farms in Mo Cay Nam and 12 chemical-intensive farms in Mo Cay Bac. The organic farms were managed under organic criteria for at least three years, while the conventional farms had been under chemical-intensive farming practices for over 20 years, including synthetic fertilizers and the use of various herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides.

Ten soil samples were collected and combined into composite soil samples across all 4 farms. Soil analyses were conducted for microbial life as well as physical and chemical properties. Physical properties include bulk density and soil porosity to assess soil compaction, aeration, and water retention. Chemical properties include pH levels, nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium), as well as soil organic matter (SOM). In terms of the microbial analysis, data was gathered on total bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, as well as various “functional groups” including nitrogen-fixing, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, silicate-solubilizing bacteria, and cellulose-decomposing bacteria. For further information on the methodology utilized to assess soil enzyme activity, molecular analysis of microbial communities, microbial diversity analysis, and statistical analysis, see pages 4 and 5 of the study.

The main findings of this study find that, across numerous soil health properties, the organic farms significantly outcompete chemical-intensive coconut plantations:

• Organic plots have better porosity and bulk density, meaning lower compaction and better aeration to support air and water movement through the soil system;
• Organic coconut plots have higher nutrient availability and fertility across the board, including for SOM, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium;
• The total bacteria and nutrient-cycling bacteria (cellulose-decomposing bacteria) are higher in organic plots;
• Organically managed coconut soil systems have higher biological activity and metabolic intensity, as denoted by dehydrogenase activity;
• In terms of microbial bacteria community composition, it is higher in organically managed plots;
• Organic plots show higher abundance of plant-growth-promoting and nutrient-cycling microbes, including Acidobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi, among a handful of others; and,
• At a system-level, organic plots show stronger correlations between organic matter, nutrients, microbes, and enzyme activity relative to chemical-intensive coconut plots.

Previous Coverage

Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in peer-reviewed literature and field trials, conducted both in the U.S. and abroad, on the competitiveness and ecological benefits/tradeoffs of organically managed farmland for a variety of crops.

Researchers at Prairie View A&M University in Texas published in the journal Sustainability a study of organic agricultural systems from 1960 to 2021, concluding that “the outlook for U.S. organic fruit and vegetables is encouraging, supported by expanding consumer demand, government support, and improved conditions for international trade.” While delivering upbeat findings, including health benefits, the study identifies tremendous obstacles to entry into organic farming, including the limited support for alternative pest management and pest control systems in the United States in recent modern history, compared to the assistance provided for highly subsidized, petrochemical-dependent agricultural practices. (See Daily News here.)

For example, a study published in Horticultural Plant Journal provides additional evidence on the viability of organically managed farmland based on tomatoes cultivated through traditional plant breeding and regional varieties. The authors of the research find that, “Despite the positive trend of the organic sector’s development in Europe, the number of tomato varieties bred for organic farming is still limited since efforts have been mainly focused on high input conditions.” They continue: “As a result, the existing cultivars may not suit to organic production [ ] as cultivars chosen for conventional [chemical-intensive] systems often respond well to chemical fertilizers to improve crop output, but they might not maximize nutrient uptake in organic systems where minor external inputs are provided.” In this context, the marketplace is not maximizing the potential productivity of organic systems due to the limited availability of seeds and plant material best suited to conditions in sync with local ecosystems. (See Daily News here.)

A study published in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment finds organic rice paddies in the Mediterranean region have greater ecosystem biodiversity, including increased presence of aquatic microorganisms and insects, than their chemical-intensive counterparts. Typically, compost builds biological life in the soil and contributes to a drawing down (or sequestering) of atmospheric carbon. As EPA notes, “[C]omposting lowers greenhouse gases by improving carbon sequestration in the soil and by preventing methane emissions through aerobic decomposition, as methane-producing microbes are not active in the presence of oxygen.” (See Daily News here.) Additionally, a study published in European Journal of Agronomy, based on a 16-year, long-term experiment (LTE), finds that organic crops (cotton production with wheat and soybean rotations) in tropical climates are competitive with chemical-intensive (conventional) systems when evaluating systems’ resilience (to weather and insect resistance), input costs, and profitability. (See Daily News here.)

Coffee is a staple of morning routines for millions around the nation—and as the demand for coffee remains high, so goes the surge in certified organic coffee, offering space for coffee lovers to enjoy the drink and lower their carbon footprint, according a study in Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy.  “The results indicate that the average emissions for the production units classified as in transition are equivalent to 1.11 kg CO₂e per kilogram of green coffee, while for the organic production units, the average emissions associated with 1 kg of green coffee are equivalent to 0.68 kg CO₂e.” The data for this study was based on ten farms (a.k.a “production units/PUs” in the study) that are members of an organic coffee cooperative located in Cajamarca, Peru. Five of the farms are “organic” and the other five farms were “in transition,” meaning that some practices and principles are applied but are not subject to inspection and certification. The researchers conducted a life cycle assessment, analyzing the carbon footprint of each farm through an iterative process in alignment with the International Organisation for Standardization principles and framework, followed by researchers internationally (see here and here). (See Daily News here.)

Researchers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) report, in a study published in  that a 4-year organically managed corn-soybean-oat system reduces nitrogen (N) loads by 50 percent with corn and soybean yields “equivalent to or higher than conventional [chemical-intensive] in most years.” The findings from a 7-year study comparing nitrate loss in organic and chemical-intensive management found that organically managed perennial pasture reduced nitrogen loads significantly. The study, which focused on nitrate pollution in agriculture that harms biodiversity, threatens waterways, drinking water, and public health, and releases nitrous oxide (an extremely potent greenhouse gas), was conducted at USDA’s National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment. (See Daily News here.) In a sixteen-year field trial based in Central Kenya, researchers have found higher crop yield stability in low-input organic systems with previously degraded soil than in high-input organic and nonorganic agricultural systems. This long-term field trial, published this year in European Journal of Agronomy, was conducted at two sites in Central Kenya—Chuka (lower soil fertility) and Kandara (higher soil fertility)—between 2007 and 2022.  Both Chuka and Kandara share bimodal rainfall (two wet seasons split up with distinct dry seasons) and consist of two growing seasons in a given calendar year. There were six crop rotation cycles for the maize, which included various legumes, vegetables, and root crops depending on the input level and farming system. (See Daily News here.)

There is also the consideration of the intersecting climate crisis and food insecurity. A study published in European Journal of Agronomy finds that “organic farming equals conventional yield under irrigation and enhances seed quality in drought, aiding food security. The researchers tested twelve common bean genotypes of Phaselous vulgaris L., with eight local [Basque Country] landraces (defined by Oxford Language as “a local cultivar [plant] or animal breed that has been improved by traditional agricultural methods”), which are “generally grown under rainfed conditions.” The other four landraces are commercial varieties commonly cultivated in Spain and the European Union. “Under rainfed conditions, the common bean seeds received only minimal water at the beginning of the season to ensure the seedlings’ survival (Table 1),” say the authors in describing the distinction between the two watering protocols. (See Daily News here.)

Call to Action

The Spring 2026 National Organic Standards Board meeting will be held in Omaha, NE, and virtually, May 12-14, 2026. As part of this process, the public is invited to submit written comments and/or provide oral comments on the Spring 2026 meeting issues. Please see the Action of the Week, Organic Must Lead the Way, with suggested comments on priority issues to copy/paste into Regulations.gov; also featured in the Daily News from April 27, 2026, “Organic Standards Open to Comment; USDA Defies Congressional Mandate to Fill Organic Board Vacancies.” The deadline to submit written comments is 11:59 pm ET on Monday, May 4, 2026. Please get them in as early as possible! More information is also available in the  Keeping Organic Strong resource hub.

You can also contact your members of Congress to ask them to become a cosponsor of the Opportunities in Organic Act, which provides a significant opportunity to reduce barriers to organic farming, strengthen organic supply chains, and ensure that farmers have the support they need to transition to and remain in organic production to meet the growing demand for organic food and grow the sector. Importantly, the bill will provide an opportunity for partners to continue the transition support and technical assistance models that are proving effective through USDA’s Transition to Organic Partnership Program, which ends in 2026.  

When making decisions on which produce to buy at your local grocery store, you can learn more about your potential exposure to toxic pesticides and chemicals in over 90 non-organic crops, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and related items in the Eating With a Conscience database.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Environmental Technology & Innovation

(Beyond Pesticides, April 28, 2026) In Chemical Research in Toxicology, researchers from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Catalonia, Spain highlight the threats to human and environmental health with “combined exposures to multiple chemical toxicants, including industrial chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).” As these compounds are encountered in mixtures in real-world settings, the resulting interaction can have additive or synergistic effects that risk assessments fail to adequately capture.

As the authors point out: “This leads to a systematic underestimation of health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations. Despite robust evidence on mixture toxicity, major regulatory frameworks such as the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the EU’s [European Union] REACH program continue to assess chemicals in isolation.”

Importance and Background

Environmental toxicants are ubiquitous throughout nature and within all organisms. In humans, these compounds can accumulate, referred to as ‘Body Burden’, which encompasses numerous chemicals such as pesticide mixtures. “Critically, organisms are rarely exposed to a single chemical in isolation,” the researchers note. “Rather, they continuously encounter complex mixtures of contaminants whose combined effects may differ substantially from those predicted by examining each substance individually.”

As the authors explain, regulatory agencies underestimate “the true burden attributable to chemical exposures since regulatory risk assessments and epidemiological studies have traditionally evaluated compounds one at a time.” They continue, “This single-substance paradigm fails to capture the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic interactions that arise when multiple toxicants co-occur, a phenomenon collectively referred to as mixture toxicity, leaving a critical gap in the understanding of real-world chemical risk.” The effects of chemical mixtures present disproportionate risks for vulnerable populations, including “infants and children, pregnant women, the elderly, and low-income or marginalized communities, who may experience heightened biological sensitivity alongside disproportionate exposure burdens.” (See studies here and here.)

As shared in Daily News, entitled Report Describes Complex Cumulative Risk Assessment Proposal to Implement California Law, Beyond Pesticides notes that risk assessment methodology, unless it is considered in the context of a rigorous alternatives assessment, begins with the mostly false assumption that petrochemical pesticides are needed (or are essential) to achieve cost-effective pest management, agricultural productivity and profitability, and quality of life, when, in fact, this is not the case. Therefore, improved risk calculations, while important to characterizing the harm and the gaps in fully assessing adverse effects associated with pesticide use, still impose some level of harm deemed by the government to be acceptable.

Even worse, the adverse effects of exposure cannot be fully characterized because of incomplete assessments or a lack of data on harmful endpoints, as is the case currently with endocrine-disrupting pesticides not fully evaluated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), California’s Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), or other regulatory bodies. The lack of regulatory review persists despite the robust science that shows endocrine-disrupting pesticides to induce cancer, reproductive harm, infertility, biodiversity decline, and other life-threatening, often multigenerational, effects.

The basic standard in federal pesticide law, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), requires protection against “unreasonable adverse effects” to people and the environment, a standard that should not, but does currently, allow for hazards or uncertainties when less- or non-toxic alternatives are available. Even so-called health-based standards reliant on risk assessments, such as the tolerance setting process in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), accept a level of harm and uncertainty despite the availability of practices and products that eliminate the identified risk. Beyond Pesticides urges better assessment of harm, full disclosure of what is not known, and in-depth alternatives assessments that consider changes in practices so that clear-eyed decisions can be made to take meaningful precautionary steps, now available, to meet pest prevention and management challenges and tackle the current existential health, biodiversity, and climate crises.

Literature Review Methodology and Results

Within the current literature review, the researchers examine current regulatory approaches regarding toxicant mixtures. The analysis aims to “(1) evaluate the limitations of prevailing single-substance approaches, (2) highlight the scientific basis for mixture-focused risk assessment, (3) illustrate potential health and environmental consequences of limited mixture consideration, and (4) propose evidence-based policy recommendations for reform.”

The literature search, for peer-reviewed studies, official reports, and policy documents, was conducted for the timeframe of January 1, 1980 to July 31, 2025. As a result, the authors state: “Despite decades of evolving chemical safety legislation and a growing scientific understanding of the complexities of chemical exposures, most national and international regulatory systems remain firmly anchored to a paradigm that assesses and manages chemicals as isolated, individual entities. This single-substance focus inherently fails to account for the common reality of concurrent exposures to multiple chemicals and their potential interactions.” (See research here and here.)

They continue: “This siloed, chemical-by-chemical approach across various regulatory domains fails to capture the reality of multimedia and multi-pathway exposures that characterize modern life, potentially leading to an underestimation of overall chemical risk. This persistent focus on single toxicants creates challenges in regulatory oversight, that may leave the public and the environment inadequately protected from the combined effects of the chemicals to which they are exposed daily.”

These approaches fail to consider how humans, wildlife, and ecosystems encounter chemical mixtures in the real world, thus not adequately capturing the extent of harm they present in risk assessments. “This single-substance paradigm, therefore, may create a false sense of security and potentially lead to an underestimation of true public health and environmental risks,” the researchers share.

Additionally, there is “significant inconsistency” between countries, or even within the same country, for chemical standards and risk assessment methodologies. As an example, the artificially narrow definition of PFAS by EPA mischaracterizes the widespread threat to health and the environment. The definition of PFAS used by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) encompasses a wide variety of fluorinated compounds (containing the element fluorine) and is “scientifically grounded, unambiguous, and well suited to identify these chemicals,” as described by scientists in a commentary published in Environmental Science & Technology Letters. As the researchers describe, excluding certain fluorinated chemical subgroups does not properly represent the scope of PFAS, which they estimate to include millions of theoretical structures, but more practically, several thousand that are actually manufactured. (See Daily News here.)

In summary, the current study authors write: “The analysis presented in this review identifies a significant misalignment between the scientific understanding of toxicant mixture exposures and the prevailing regulatory paradigms worldwide. The evidence suggests: humans and ecosystems are ubiquitously exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals, not isolated substances. These mixtures can interact in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic ways, often leading to health and environmental outcomes that are not predictable from single-substance assessments alone… Addressing this challenge will require more than incremental adjustments to existing frameworks; it necessitates a paradigm shift.”

Previous Research

A wide body of science continues to emerge on the effects of pesticide mixtures. In a recent study covered in Daily News, researchers analyze the effect of multiple climate stressors and pesticides in the environment and published their disturbing findings of elevated harm in “Double trouble: The synergistic threat of environmental stressors and pesticide mixtures.” The authors document synergism that is up to 70 times stronger than for a single chemical assessment. This work is a follow-up to a previous study covered in Daily News in 2024.

Dire Pediatric Cancer Risk Linked to Pesticide Mixtures, Laws To Protect Children Found To Be Lax highlights a study of Nebraska pesticide use and pediatric cancer incidence by researchers from the University of Nebraska Medical Center and the University of Idaho Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences where they found positive associations between pesticides and overall cancer, brain and central nervous system cancers, and leukemia among children (defined as under age 20). The authors’ emphasis on evaluating mixtures, and their innovative technical methods for doing so, highlight the direction environmental health research and regulation must take. Studying pesticides singly is an inadequate approach, according to the authors, because pesticides are not applied individually anymore, but very often in mixtures of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides in spray tanks.

Daily News, entitled Study of Chemical Mixtures at Low Concentrations Again Finds Adverse Health Effects, find synergistic relationships in chemical mixtures, even with low concentrations. The findings come as no surprise to advocates who have urged an assessment of the potential synergistic impacts of pesticide mixtures in the regulation of pesticides. Additionally, a novel study mapping pesticide mixtures and cancer risk, published in Nature Health, “reveals a robust spatial association between environmental pesticide exposure risk and cancer incidence.” The team of international researchers incorporates pesticide risk modeling with Peruvian National Cancer Institute (INEN) registry data to map pesticide-induced cancer clusters in Peru, finding significant associations between pesticide mixtures and cases of carcinogenicity. The study analyzes 31 active ingredients to identify pesticide-associated cancer hotspots, none of which are classified as carcinogenic on their own by international standards. When combined as pesticide mixtures, as experienced in real-world environments, heightened risks and synergistic effects are noted. (See here.)

A Holistic Solution

While many researchers stress the need for enhanced risk assessments, this fails to acknowledge that there is not adequate information available for accurate risk assessments that include all possible cumulative, additive, and synergistic effects from pesticide mixtures for all possible health effects including cancer and endocrine disruption. Because of that, many advocates call for the adoption of the precautionary principle to protect health and the environment. (See here and here.)

As regulatory bodies are unable to sufficiently analyze the threats from environmental contaminants like pesticides, a holistic solution is urgently needed. Given the efforts captured by this paper, taken together with the extensive research in the Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database and the daily tracking of scientific studies linking pesticides to cancer, birth defects, immune system disorders, endocrine disruption, sexual and reproductive dysfunction, learning and developmental effects, and nervous system implications, among others, the public can take no comfort in ‘acceptable’ levels of pesticides in the environment.

A widespread transition to organic agriculture and land management is the path forward. Visit the Eating with a Conscience database to learn more about why food labeled “organic” is the right choice!

The Spring 2026 National Organic Standards Board meeting will be held in Omaha, NE, and virtually, May 12-14, 2026. As part of this process, the public is invited to submit written comments and/or provide oral comments on the Spring 2026 meeting issues. Please see the Action of the Week, Organic Must Lead the Way, with suggested comments on priority issues to copy/paste into Regulations.gov; also featured in the Daily News from April 27, 2026, “Organic Standards Open to Comment; USDA Defies Congressional Mandate to Fill Organic Board Vacancies.” The deadline to submit written comments is 11:59 pm ET on Monday, May 4, 2026. Please get them in as early as possible! More information is also available in the  Keeping Organic Strong resource hub.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Domingo, J. and Nadal, M. (2026) Mixture Toxicity in Human Health: Integrating One Health, Exposomics, and Modern Risk Assessment Strategies, Chemical Research in Toxicology. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00375.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 27, 2026) The National Organic Standards Board (NOSB)—a stakeholder board created by Congress to advise the Secretary of Agriculture on organic standards under the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and manage the list of allowed materials in organic production, is accepting public input  through May 4, 2026. Today, April 27, is the final day to sign up for oral comments that will be received on a May 5 and 7 webinar.  For a complete discussion on all the issues before the NOSB, see Keeping Organic Strong and the Spring 2026 Beyond Pesticides’ issues webpage.

The NOSB meeting is taking place at a time when the Trump administration has been dismantling government programs and defied a Congressional mandate to replace board members whose terms expired in January.  While the remaining board members continue to meet, the Secretary of Agriculture has left empty five appointees to the board—creating an imbalance that violates a statutory mandate to ensure that the board membership reflects the range of voices and perspectives that are important to the viability and growth of the organic sector—a sustainable alternative to chemical-intensive agriculture reliant of petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers. The terms of five board members that expired in January have not been replaced. As a result, the board has lost two organic farmers, two public interest/consumer representatives, and one certifier, creating a serious imbalance that appears to violate the rules governing the NOSB and the National Organic Program.

✅  Sign up by April 27 for a 3-minute comment on the webinar or in person to let the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) know how important organic is. Written comments must be submitted through Regulations.gov by 11:59 pm EDT on Monday, May 4. Links to the virtual comment webinars will be provided approximately one week before the webinars. Registration for oral comments closes April 27, and sign-ups fill up fast. ➡️ Sign up for Oral Comments here.

The Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA) of 1990 created the NOSB at 7 U.S.C. §6518. Under the law, the Secretary has a statutory duty to create and maintain the board as follows:

Sec. 2119 [7 U.S.C. 6518] National Organic Standards Board.

(a) In General—The Secretary shall establish a National Organic Standards Board (in accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App. 2 et seq). . .to assist in the development of standards for substances to be used in organic production and to advise the Secretary on any other aspects of the implementation of this title.
(b) Composition of Board.—the Board shall be composed of 15 members, of which—
(1) four shall be individuals who own or operate an organic farming operation, or employees of such individuals;
(2) two shall be individuals who own or operate an organic handling operation, or employees of such individuals;
(3) one shall be an individual who owns or operates a retail establishment with significant trade in organic products, or an employee of such individual;
(4) three shall be individuals with expertise in areas environmental protection and resource conservation;
(5) three shall be individuals who represent public interest or consumer interest groups;
(6) one shall be an individual with expertise in the fields of toxicology, ecology, or biochemistry; and
(7) one shall be an individual who is a certifying agent as identified under section 6515 of this title.

Nevertheless, the NOSB is going ahead with its Spring meeting and addressing issues important to organic integrity and, ultimately, public trust in the USDA organic label. Given that organic offers a path to mitigating current health, biodiversity, and climate crises, public involvement in the NOSB decision-making process and the public comment period is especially important, according to organic advocates.  

The NOSB is responsible for guiding USDA in its administration of the Organic Foods Production Act, including the materials allowed to be used in organic production and handling. The statute gives authority to the NOSB to manage the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.

A draft meeting agenda is available here.  And a detailed agenda, along with the proposals, is available here. Written comments are due by 11:59 pm ET Monday, May 4, 2026, but since the meeting begins on May 12, you must get them in early in order to be heard.

Beyond Pesticides launched an action to encourage public engagement with the NOSB public comment period. Click Here to see and participate in action. In the action, the organization has highlighted the following issues:

1. Microplastics should not be broadcast into organic crops and orchards. Pear ester is a chemical kairomone (chemical signals) synthesized to be structurally and functionally identical to a volatile substance emitted by mature and ripening pears and other fruits. It attracts codling moths and is used in various ways to control them. Pear ester should be added to the National List with an annotation that describes its use and prohibits use of a product microencapsulated in plastic: “use of pear ester is limited to passive traps/monitors and not for use in microencapsulated formulations.” 
2. Chitosan is a material in search of a market in organic. It is a synthetic material that is not well characterized—and different forms have radically different uses. It is not necessary for organic production, and the NOSB has a Technical Review that summarizes many allowed substances for the petitioned use in wine made with organic grapes. 
3. Limits should be placed on the use of chlorine in livestock drinking water. Chlorinated drinking water is unavoidable for anyone using public water supplies, but many livestock producers supply drinking water from wells, cisterns, or ponds. The NOSB should propose guidance and/or instructions for certifiers regarding the application of this use in the various situations faced by livestock producers, including “shocking” wells with high concentrations of chlorine. The NOSB must perform a comprehensive review of cleaning, disinfecting, and sanitizing materials that can support annotations for these materials on the National List. 
4. E-Commerce must provide all information about organic products that is required by law. Probably every organic consumer who has shopped online has encountered product names, including the word “organic” or descriptions of products as “organic” or containing organic ingredients, and wondered whether that description is true. There is inconsistency between the requirements for a product offered for sale by a “brick and mortar” establishment and the requirements in eCommerce, and inconsistency provides an opportunity for fraud. The requirements for eCommerce should be brought into line with those for physical establishments. The NOSB must immediately identify any obstacles to eliminating this loophole and propose a rule change that will address them. 

For more information on organic, please see Beyond Pesticides’ organic program page.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 24, 2026) In a review of scientific literature documenting pesticide contamination in the atmosphere, international researchers find human and ecosystem exposure even in remote and distant areas. As published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials, the authors state: “Atmospheric transport of pesticides is a globally significant yet widely underestimated driver of human and ecological exposure, with contamination documented far beyond treated fields. This review provides a novel integrated synthesis, bridging emission pathways, atmospheric transformation processes, monitoring evidence, model limitations, and regulatory gaps to deliver a comprehensive understanding of the fate and impacts of pesticides in the atmosphere.”

In analyzing the current knowledge on pesticide emissions, through both drift and volatilization (process where a solid or liquid converts into a gas or vapor), the researchers highlight “the widespread detection of both current-use and banned pesticides in environmental matrices far from their application,” along with the resulting implications for human health and environmental health. As the current risk assessment framework “fails to adequately address the perturbations caused by the atmospheric transport of pesticides,” the urgent need to transition away from chemical-intensive practices grows stronger.

Background

While this review highlights regulatory gaps in the European Union (EU), the cited scientific literature encompasses pesticide contamination worldwide. Beyond Pesticides extensively covers the regulatory deficiencies present in the U.S., which do not incorporate many of the stricter regulations seen in the EU. As reported in previous Daily News, in the regulation of pesticides, the EU relies more on the precautionary principle than the U.S. approach to risk assessment, which accepts a high degree of uncertainty and data gaps in promulgating mitigation measures. One study, entitled “The USA lags behind other agricultural nations in banning harmful pesticides,” highlights the up to hundreds of millions of annually used pesticides in the U.S. that are banned in other countries, including those in the EU.

Despite the stricter regulations in the EU, the review notes: “In 2021, 355,175 tons of pesticides were applied to approximately 180 million hectares of farmland in the European Union. This equates to an average of approximately 2 kg of pesticides per hectare dispersed over 43% of the EU’s total area.” This intensive use of pesticides, with a range of properties within varying environmental conditions, represents the spread of both active and “inert” ingredients, and their transformation products, in soil, surface water, groundwater, and air that is occurring worldwide.

Pesticide residues are ubiquitous in nature, contaminating different matrices including “insects within nature conservation areas or terrestrial organisms in non-target areas, indoor and outdoor dust in residential settings, rainwater, soil samples from organic farms that do not use synthetic pesticides, and organic food.” (See Pesticide Pollution from Chemical-Intensive Farming Diminishes Some Benefits of Organic Production for more information.)

Pathways for Pesticide Contamination

Various exposure routes lead organisms, including humans, to encounter pesticides. Pesticide emissions in the air represent a major pathway, which results from multiple processes. “Up to 60% of the dosage can enter the atmosphere due to direct spray drift during application,” the authors state. They continue: “Pesticide-containing dust can be released into the air when granular products or treated seeds are applied. Volatilization from plants, soils, and surface waters can occur for several days to weeks after application. Even pesticides classified as non-volatile can enter the atmosphere through aerosol emission from soil particles.”

Depending on the physicochemical properties of the pesticides, they are able to persist in the air for minutes, hours, days, or weeks, with the atmosphere acting as a reservoir and transport medium for these chemicals. The movement through the air to different areas widely depends on meteorological parameters, such as wind fields, precipitation, and temperature, among others.

As the researchers describe: “Atmospheric deposition of pesticides contributes to their lifetime and environmental distribution far from their original application sites and occurs via two primary pathways: dry and wet deposition. Dry deposition involves the transfer of pesticide particles or gases from the air to terrestrial or aquatic surfaces through turbulent diffusion and settling, independent of precipitation events… In contrast, wet deposition refers to the removal of pesticides from the atmosphere by precipitation, such as rain and snow. During wet deposition, both particulate and gaseous forms of pesticides are incorporated into cloud or precipitation droplets and subsequently deposited onto ecosystems.”

Research shows that these processes play an important role in environmental exposure to pesticides, allowing residues to reach soil, vegetation, urban surfaces, water bodies, and ice not close to the original application site. (See studies here and here.) “Pesticides can enter the atmosphere during application by drift of spray droplets or in post-application by volatilization from treated surfaces (soil or plant canopy), or by wind erosion of contaminated soil,” the authors write. “Spray drift occurs at the time of application within less than a few minutes, whereas volatilization lasts from a few days to several weeks.”

An important factor not considered in the pesticide regulation process is the additive and synergistic nature of pesticide mixtures. As pesticide active ingredients are not encountered individually, this co-occurrence can further “promote the formation of transformation products (TPs) that may be more persistent and/or hazardous than the parent compounds.”

Other “inert” ingredients can also increase risks. “In addition to the active substance, commercial plant protection products (PPPs) formulations contain other co-formulants to improve the efficiency of the application, such as solvents and adjuvants, which can make up more than 98% of their composition,” the researchers point out. They continue: “Some formulations contain a wide range of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, for example, this has been observed in the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos. Like other organic compounds, the atmospheric degradation of these inactive compounds could lead to the formation of secondary contaminants such as formaldehyde, ozone, highly oxygenated molecules or fine particulate matter.” These co-formulants can be relatively volatile and highly reactive in the atmosphere, leading to additional adverse effects on human health and climate.

Threats to Human and Environmental Health

Human exposure occurs through many pathways, including “direct inhalation, dermal contact, and indirect exposure following deposition onto food crops and residential environments.” As a result, pesticide residues can accumulate within the body. As shared in the Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database, ‘Body Burden’ refers to the accumulation of synthetic chemicals found in pesticides, cosmetics, industrial solvents, heavy metals, etc. in our bodies. At any given time, hundreds of chemicals can be found in blood, urine, breast milk, and even umbilical cord blood.

“Regarding pesticides transported in the atmosphere, inhalation and dermal exposure are the primary pathways of exposure,” the authors note. They continue: “Residential exposure to pesticides is a major concern for the scientific community due to its association with significant adverse health effects. People living near agricultural areas have an increased risk during spraying periods due to the spray drift, and after application due to the dispersion of volatilized pesticides in the atmosphere. Consequently, residents are at higher risk of developing immune disorders, endocrine disruptions, renal diseases, and neurological diseases. Different studies associate residential exposure in children with cancer, leukemia, birth outcomes, and neurological and respiratory diseases, such as childhood asthma, lower respiratory tract infections and wheezing.” (See additional Daily News coverage on disproportionate risks here.)

The environmental risks associated with pesticides can affect both biotic (living organisms) and abiotic components (e.g., water) within all ecosystems. “Harmful effects on soil and water microorganisms and pollinators are of particular concern because they are major drivers of biodiversity loss,” the researchers emphasize. (See Daily News here.) A wide body of research, which continues to mount, shows impacts ranging from “reduced reproductive success, altered growth and development, altered behavior, changes in species diversity and ecosystem structure, disrupted trophic interactions, and population declines among key species” that can have cascading effects. (See Pesticide Use Harming Key Species Ripples through the Ecosystem.)

Previous Research

Cited within the review, a myriad of studies find impacts to health and the environment, “confirming that airborne transport represents a distinct and significant threat to biodiversity conservation.” This includes:

• The detection of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in studies of the atmosphere worldwide, including polar regions. (See here and here for examples.)
• “Other type of pesticides such as pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, fenvalerate) have been detected in China, Spain, Belgium, USA, and Brazil.”
• Carbamates, such as fenoxycarb and carbofuran, are detected in studies in Spain, Belgium, and Vietnam.
• Neonicotinoids, including acetamiprid and imidacloprid) “have been observed in Spain, in France, and Vietnam. Thiamethoxam and thiacloprid have also been observed in France.”
• Triazoles, such as tebuconazole, myclobutanil, epoxiconazole, and propiconazole, are shown in “several works from Spain, in Western pacific, France, and Belgium,” with additional triazines, including atrazine, terbuthylazine, and hexazinone, identified in Brazil, Spain, Western Pacific, Italy, Belgium, and Vietnam.
• The weed killer glyphosate, and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), both are observed in studies of rainfall. (See here and here.)

The Organic Solution

The widespread transition to organic agriculture and land management can eliminate the use of pesticides that are contaminating the atmosphere and subsequently threatening the health of all humans, wildlife, and the environment. These practices can also mitigate climate change, conserve natural lands, preserve and enhance biodiversity, and protect human health, among other benefits.

In adopting organic standards, which are continuously improved upon through the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), all life can be protected. Stay tuned for additional information on the Spring 2026 NOSB meeting, which will be held in Omaha, NE, and available virtually, May 12-14, through the Keeping Organic Strong resource page.

Learn more about how you can act locally to improve the environment. In partnership with major retailers like Natural Grocers and Stonyfield Organic, the Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future program provides in-depth training to assist community land managers in transitioning two public green spaces to organic landscape management, while aiming to provide the knowledge and skills necessary to eventually transition all public areas in a locality to these safer practices.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Bedos, C. et al. (2026) Pesticide fate and transport in the atmosphere and implications for risk assessment, Journal of Hazardous Materials. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389426007478.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 23, 2026) “Fully organic growers face fewer agronomic challenges as compared to mixed growers,” according to a recent analysis published in Agricultural Systems by researchers at the University of California. The authors cite a slowing growth rate for organic certification and new organic farms, despite an increase in consumer demand. A 2025 Organic Trade Association (OTA) report shows organic market product sales at $76.6 billion with an annual growth rate of 6.8 percent—double that of the non-organic marketplace (3.4 percent). On the eve of the 2026 National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) spring meeting to review organic standards and update the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances, public health and environmental advocates, and members of the broader regenerative organic movement, will gather. The Board convenes twice a year to vote on key issues that are under review and have been subject to public hearings and comments, intended to ensure organic integrity and expansion.

Methodology and Results

The researchers combined quantitative and qualitative data from a survey and a set of interviews, respectively, with organic farmers in the state of California. For the survey, 426 certified organic farmers in California responded to questions asking “growers to report on the extent of challenges they faced with managing various aspects of their organic operation including the production of different crops, managing the farm as an integrated organic system, and handling systemic aspects of organic farming such as certification, regulation, and labor.” There were also 69 interviews with experts “across the organic industry, including growers of different crops, input suppliers, handlers, researchers and others, who spoke about the primary challenges and needs of their role and the directions in which they would like to see the industry evolve.” For more details on the methodology, please see page 4 of the study.

The researchers confirmed their hypothesis that organic producers face a different set of challenges depending on scale and type of operation. The three main findings include:

1. Fully organic farmers face fewer agronomic difficulties overall compared to mixed organic or non-organic farmers.
2. Larger farms, regardless of organic status, face greater agronomic challenges in terms of crop nutrition, pest, and weed management; and
3. Smaller-scale farms face fewer agronomic challenges than medium-to-large-scale farms.

There are some additional noteworthy results from the quantitative and qualitative analyses:

• “Only 18.6% of mixed farms were categorized as small as compared to 80% of the fully organic farms.”
• “Overall, agronomic challenges are viewed as more severe than systemic challenges, with weed management emerging as the most significant agronomic challenge, and labor the most significant systemic challenge….This trend reverses for systemic challenges where we find that large-scale (and mixed) growers report lower challenges as compared to small and medium farms, potentially reflecting economies of scale in systemic issues.”
• “Fully organic growers and those growing annual crops (such as diversified vegetables, rice, and cut flowers) also experience less difficulty with managing agronomic practices (β = − 0.374 and β = − 0.324 respectively), as compared to mixed growers or those growing perennial crops.”
• “Although soil-friendly practices may help reduce supplemental nutrition requirements, most growers in our study find they cannot completely eliminate off-farm inputs. Moreover, some producers choose to forego soil building practices entirely in favor of market-available inputs. Organic fertilizers are typically more expensive than conventional fertilizers, despite lower efficacies, contributing to higher production costs at larger farm scales.”
• “Findings from our interviews support this: growers of diversified vegetables that we interviewed, often (but not universally) cited minimal problems with pests, but this was less common across other cropping systems.”

In the opening literature review for this study, the researchers note that farm yields increased 190 percent between 1948 and 2021” across all farming modes” in part due to “heavy investments in public agricultural research and extension services.” This investment does not necessarily include organic agriculture. Meanwhile, the top identified agronomic challenges in organic agriculture include weed pressures, soil fertility and crop nutrition, as well as pest and disease pressures. On the second identified agronomic challenge, “Multiple studies show that the incorporation of organic practices improves soil health indicators [see here], such as higher soil organic carbon [see here and here], and better nitrogen-use efficiency [see here], as well as increased soil microbial biomass and diversity [see here and here ]without the need for additional fertilizers.” The authors continue: “However, producers who focus on supporting crop nutrition through the use of organic inputs might face higher production costs due to increasingly costly production inputs [see here].”

In terms of systemic challenges, issues range from certification costs, identifying markets, potential financial losses during the transitional period, and lackluster public support programs relative to the chemical-intensive status quo. There are also concerns around farm size and organic integrity: “[L]arge, mixed farms which are less likely to use agroecological practices dominate organic acreage,” the authors say. They continue: “Organic agriculture has also seen consolidation in the processing sector through vertical integration and the introduction of organic varieties into mainstream brands. [See here.]”

Previous Coverage

There are numerous examples of the economic viability of organic businesses at different scales, in addition to the significant degree of peer-reviewed literature going back decades that highlight the climate, biodiversity, and public health benefits of organic agriculture.

In a previous Daily News, The Growth of Organic Production and Supply Chains Emphasizes Importance to the Public, various examples of businesses embracing organic are highlighted. A 2024 article in Flatwater Free Press identifies a growing trend of companies, communities, and farms nationwide advancing organic agriculture and land management. Among the signs of this change is Belltown Farms, a Philadelphia, PA owner and operator of organic and organic-transitioning farms, that, according to Flatwater, is “the second-largest buyer of Nebraska’s increasingly expensive farmland by money spent between 2018 and 2022” with plans to expand to 50,000+ acres in various states across the country. Similarly, the continued success of the Nebraska-based, on-farm processing operation, Grain Place Foods, and its collaboration with farmers focused on small-scale organic production, represents the diversity of economic and organizational models that can exist in local, regional, national, and even international food systems. Even household-name grocery conglomerates such as Wegmans have entered the organic space, albeit with a less systemic approach. In an interview in Progressive Grocer, editor-in-chief Gina Acosta toured Wegmans Organic Farm in upstate New York to witness what she and the company acknowledge as an incubator for offering organic food options across all 111 stores located in Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states. The goal of this farm is not to produce for all farms across Wegmans’s supply chain, but to trial various organic crops and then partner with their nearly two dozen partner farmers (who are certified organic) to offer organic produce across their stores.

A study published in European Journal of Agronomy, based on a 16-year, long-term experiment (LTE), finds that organic crops (cotton production with wheat and soybean rotations) in tropical climates are competitive with chemical-intensive (conventional) systems when evaluating systems’ resilience (to weather and insect resistance), input costs, and profitability. One of the underlying assumptions in chemical-intensive agriculture is the disproven belief that pesticides on the market, or the next generation of chemicals, will continue to serve as effective weapons in the never-ending war against insects, weeds, and fungal diseases that threaten the economic viability and sustainability of the farming operations. While organic systems faced reduced yields due to pest pressures from pink bollworm infestations, their decline was much smaller relative to the chemical-intensive operations. This study’s findings indicate that a different direction is not only possible, but necessary, for the long-term financial viability of farms. Farmers understand that the health of the soil is a compounding investment that will help or hurt you depending on the actions taken yesterday, today, and tomorrow. (See Daily News here.) Another study published in Scientific Reports highlights the benefits of organic agriculture in comparison to different farming systems over five years on four crops (maize, tomato, faba bean, and potato). “Soil carbon sequestration is a long-time storage of carbon in soil which represents 70% of the carbon in land,” the authors note. “Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the agricultural practice systems on the soil carbon sequestration and properties, productivity, water consumption, soil carbon sequestration, CO₂ emission and cost of some agricultural crops.” As a result, the experiment reveals that, compared to chemical-intensive farming, organic methods enhance soil properties, reduce water consumption, provide higher yields and higher soil carbon sequestration, reduce CO₂ emissions, and achieve the highest total net profit for all four crops after five years. (See Daily News here.)

There have been recent (albeit unsuccessful) efforts in 2025 to expand organic agriculture in the states of Washington and New York.  Legislation in the state of Washington (Senate Bill 5474) was aiming to establish a first-in-the-nation Organic Action Plan to “expand opportunities for organic, regenerative, climate-smart, and sustainable producers.” If passed, this bill would build on California’s trailblazer status as a leader in cultivating the expansion of the organic marketplace. Advocates hope that in developing the Plan, Washington will follow in the footsteps of California and European Union by setting targets for total cropland under certified organic management and bridge the gap between climate, public health, and biodiversity. (See Daily News here.) New York state Senator Patricia Canzoneri-Fitzpatrick (R-NY) introduced a bill (S1306) that would exempt farmland that is in transition to certified organic practices from real property tax for up to a three-year period. The legislation recognizes the importance of supporting and incentivizing organic as a common good in order to protect health and the environment and save taxpayer costs associated with the externalities of chemical-intensive farming, from costs associated with fires, floods, and severe weather; daily health and cleanup expenses associated with contamination of air, land, and water; and crop and productivity losses and depressed ecosystem services (including loss of pollinators). (See Daily News here.)

Call to Action

The Spring 2026 National Organic Standards Board meeting will be held in Omaha, NE, and virtually, May 12-14, 2026. As part of this process, the public is invited to submit written comments and/or provide oral comments on the Spring 2026 meeting issues. See draft comments at Keeping Organic Strong, with a link for submission to Regulations.gov. The deadline to submit written comments is 11:59 pm ET on Monday, May 4, 2026. Please get them in as early as possible! You can learn more about how to take action at our Keeping Organic Strong resource hub.

You can also contact your members of Congress to ask them to become a cosponsor of the Opportunities in Organic Act, which provides a significant opportunity to reduce barriers to organic farming, strengthen organic supply chains, and ensure that farmers have the support they need to transition to and remain in organic production to meet the growing demand for organic food and grow the sector. Importantly, the bill will provide an opportunity for partners to continue the transition support and technical assistance models that are proving effective through USDA’s Transition to Organic Partnership Program, which ends in 2026.   

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Agricultural Systems

Editor’s Note: The board and staff at Beyond Pesticides wish you a Happy Earth Day 2026! Click here or the banner below to honor today, a day of education and action that embodies the power of people in their communities engaging to advance changes in policies and practices that meet the environmental and public health challenges of the day! 

(Beyond Pesticides, April 22, 2026) A study of the effects of flooding on aquatic-terrestrial pesticide transfer, published in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, finds heightened risks to riparian zone ecosystems as flooding frequency continues to increase with climate change. Riparian zones, recognized as biodiversity hotspots, “are increasingly subjected to various stressors, including chemical contaminants such as pesticides,” the authors state. As transportation of these compounds can occur not only through surface runoff but through flooding events, the frequency and duration of floods can greatly impact the cumulative effects of pesticides on soil health and organisms within ecosystems.

In analyzing pesticide residues following simulated flooding within a controlled experiment, the researchers find: “[S]ix pesticides were detected exclusively in riparian root-zone soil following four repeated flooding events. Our findings indicate that both longer flood durations and repeated flooding events tend to increase the total concentration of pesticides in the riparian root-zone soil. These results demonstrate that flooding promotes the movement of pesticides from streams into adjacent riparian areas. As flood frequency and intensity are expected to increase due to climate change, the significance of this transport pathway is likely to increase, with potential consequences for riparian biodiversity and habitat quality.”

Importance and Background

Riparian zones are transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial environments, making them important ecosystems for a wide range of species. Many water-loving plants, mammals, birds, amphibians, and insects rely on these habitats for food, shelter, and water. Pesticides, however, are introduced into surface waters through runoff and drift from adjacent agricultural fields, parks, and residential lands, threatening vital riparian zone ecosystems.

Previous research shows that pesticide concentrations in flooded soils can fluctuate in the days following individual flooding events but that they increase cumulatively with repeated flooding. As the authors point out, “This is especially relevant in the context of climate change, as flooding events in general are predicted to becoming more frequent in certain areas.” They continue, saying: “Studies on riverine flood trends show that there is an increase in flood risk with modelled climate change scenarios of up to 220% within this century in river basins with upstream areas larger than 500 km². Especially summer floods seem to be particularly affected as precipitation events in summer are projected to increase in magnitude and frequency in the near future due to climate change.”

While decades of peer-reviewed, independent scientific literature provide evidence for climate change, and the connection to increased flooding, a recent event held by the Heartland Institute featured Lee Zeldin, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as keynote speaker and echoed President Trump’s routine mocking of climate change as a “hoax.” (See The New York Times (NYT) coverage of this event here, here, and here.) The Heartland Institute, as NYT writes, “argues there is ‘no such thing’ as climate-driven floods, hurricanes and extreme heat.” The article continues, “The speech, critics said, risks bestowing the credibility of the federal government on the fringe theories that the group espouses.”

Despite the current administration’s undermining of environmental protection, science continues to mount regarding the existential crises of climate change, public health, and biodiversity and the urgent need to act. Research, such as the current study, raises additional concerns about chronic exposure to environmental contaminants, specifically in this case for riparian ecosystems. “Moreover, riparian soil might act as a long-term sink for persistent pesticides, which might pose risk to essential soil functions and further might act as a source of contamination for the wider riparian area,” the authors write. “Therefore, flooding as an exposure pathway should be considered as a potentially ecologically relevant pathway.”

Study Methodology and Results

To assess the effects of flood frequency and duration on the presence of pesticide residues in riparian root-zone soil, the researchers conducted an experiment with simulated flood events at the Riparian Stream Mesocosm facility in Landau, Germany. This facility contains “16 spatially independent replicated aquatic-terrestrial mesocosm units” in which a flow-through system can supply water from the “nearby, agriculturally impacted, fourth order, River Queich.”

The experiment, which occurred between May and September 2023 with a total of four flooding events, incorporates the main pesticide application season in the surrounding agricultural areas. The authors explain: “We sampled riparian root-zone soil 24 h following the end of each respective flooding event. For each sampling, we uprooted a separate individual of common grass species (Elymus spp.) located at the sampling site.” This allowed for pesticide measurements within the soil, which led to the detection of six pesticides following the four flooding events. Also of note, the total pesticide concentration of the six flood-mediated pesticides in riparian root-zone soil after the four flooding events show over a three-fold increase as compared to after just one flooding event.

Within the river water, “Fluopyram was detected in 92% of the water samples, followed by Isoproturon (69%), S-metolachlor (65%), Metalaxyl (62%), Metrafenone (54%) and Acetamiprid (54%),” the researchers note. This mix includes an insecticide, herbicides, and fungicides. The pesticide mixture within the soil is further described by the authors: “The six pesticides reported as potentially flood-mediated in the present study display low (Azoxystrobin, Metrafenone, Boscalid), moderate (Spiroxamine, Isoproturon) and high solubility in water (Acetamiprid). This variability in solubility suggests that water solubility alone may not be a reliable indicator of a pesticide’s susceptibility to flood-mediated transfer.”

Previous Research

As reported in earlier Daily News coverage, flooding can threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as it transports pesticides into riparian zones. Similar research to the current study and with many of the same authors, published in 2024 through the American Chemical Society, also analyzes pesticide contamination in riparian soil and plants as a result of flooding from streams in Germany. The authors hypothesize, and then prove, that frequently flooded sites have higher levels of pesticides present due to the pesticides in surface waters contaminating the soil. Results show that the plant vegetation in the contaminated soil then takes up the pesticides, which bioaccumulate and lead to higher contamination that can further cascade throughout the ecosystem and affect terrestrial food webs.

Additional studies, cited in the current study, show how soil communities are negatively impacted by pesticides. (See here and here.) The results highlight how pesticide mixtures exert stronger negative effects on soil communities than with exposure to single substances. “Therefore, the ability of flooding events to transport pesticide mixtures at low concentrations into riparian root-zone soils as shown in the present study, might be relevant for soil fauna communities in frequently flooded and agriculturally impacted areas, as our results suggest that the implications for the communities will vary as a function of flooding,” the researchers say.

A Holistic Solution

The myriad of threats to ecosystem functioning and public health continue to be exacerbated by extreme weather events and environmental contaminants. As Beyond Pesticides has written, climate change is one of multiple crises that are compounding one another. Environmental disasters, including fires, floods, and severe weather events, are brought on or exacerbated by widespread reliance on disruptive chemicals. All of these factors, in turn, threaten the health and well-being of all organisms.

Organic agriculture and land management can mitigate climate change, conserve natural lands, preserve and enhance biodiversity, and protect human health, among other benefits. In adopting organic standards, which are continuously improved upon through the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), less harmful chemicals will pollute waterways and be able to impact not only human health but the health of all organisms and the environment. Stay tuned for additional information on the Spring 2026 NOSB meeting, which will be held in Omaha, NE and available virtually, May 12-14, through the Keeping Organic Strong resource page.  

Play a part in the organic solution and join Beyond Pesticides as a member today. Learn more about transitioning your community to organic land management, as well as how to make The Safer Choice within your home. Take action to support biodiversity conservation and eliminate the use of pesticides that threaten natural predators, and sign up now to get Action of the Week and Weekly News Updates delivered right to your inbox!

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Fiolka, F. et al. (2026) Flood Frequency and Duration Drive the Aquatic-Terrestrial Pesticide Transfer to Riparian Root-Zone Soil: A Mesocosm Study, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-026-01190-9.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 21, 2026) A very alarming link between agricultural glyphosate weed killer use and multidrug antibiotic resistance in nosocomial pathogens—those responsible for hospital-acquired infections—is revealed in a study by researchers from the University of Buenos Aires. Glyphosate is the most widely used pesticide in the world. Understanding the relationship between pesticide use, particularly glyphosate, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of increasing urgency.

Most soybeans grown around the world are genetically engineered to resist glyphosate in order for the crop to survive its heavy application to reduce weeds. Argentina is the third largest producer of soybeans after Brazil and the United States. In Argentina, estimated annual glyphosate use averaged about 36 tons between 2020 and 2023, according to the study authors.

The authors emphasize that understanding the relationship between glyphosate and AMR is, like many others in the current agricultural system, a result of siloing—of assumptions and methods, not of crops. Clinical studies of AMR focus on studying specific pathogenic strains in laboratory cultures, while environmental studies use metagenomics—assessing all the microbial genes in an environment to determine which functions are available for microbes to use, without necessarily determining the presence of, or culturing, particular species. The authors advocate a One Health approach, which, according to the World Health Organization, “recognizes that the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent.”

The researchers isolated 68 microbial strains from wetland sediments not directly exposed to herbicides in Argentina’s Paraná Delta, and selected 35 clinical strains from the university’s collection, 19 of which were nosocomial and multidrug-resistant species. They also included 11 strains from herbicide-impacted soil. They exposed both the environmental microbes and the laboratory specimens to a range of antibiotics and glyphosate and determined which strains were most resistant and what strategies the microbes employed to cope with the exposures.

Resistance to glyphosate was common to both categories of microbes. This is in part because such resistance is a normal feature of evolution. In fact, ironically, a class of “last resort” antibiotics called carbapenems is derived from Streptomyces cattleya, a soil bacterium associated with cattle. The authors cite a study showing that in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sublethal glyphosate exposure produces resistance to the carbapenem antibiotic imipenem. P. aeruginosa was originally a soil and water bacterium, but most human infections now occur in hospitals, and most strains of P. aeruginosa are resistant to nearly all antibiotics. Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, another terror in hospitals, have also shown resistance to glyphosate. Thus, there is a direct, if unexplored, connection between glyphosate’s ubiquity and the very serious problem of hospital-acquired, multidrug-resistant infections.

The environmental strains most resistant to glyphosate are closely related to the nosocomial pathogens, the Argentine study found. Glyphosate kills weeds via the shikimate metabolic pathway, which was originally assumed to be confined to plants, but is now known to be common to many microbes as well. The bacterial resistance mechanism most familiar to researchers is an inactivating enzyme some bacteria can embed in the shikimate pathway, but microbes can also use other enzymes, modify glyphosate’s target site within the cell, and eject the herbicide molecules with efflux pumps. The genes encoding efflux pumps are known to increase when microbes are subjected to glyphosate stress, and in this study they were very common in at least eight strains. “Overall, the number of efflux pumps and [inactivating enzyme] genes appeared to be a more critical factor in resistance” than the shikimate pathway, the authors write. This finding adds to the evidence that assumptions by pesticide manufacturers and regulators about how living organisms react to chemicals in the environment must be much more closely investigated, and provides more reason to stop using toxic chemicals altogether.

A second study by Brazilian researchers examines genotoxicity and bacterial resistance to glyphosate in soils of the dryland farming region of Petrolândia. These authors cite research showing that a healthy microbial community contains many species and a mix of those either sensitive to or resistant to glyphosate based on their use of the shikimate pathway. Adding large amounts of glyphosate to a soil community shifts that balance considerably, and there is strong evidence that the human gut microbiome reacts much the same way.  

Beyond Pesticides has tracked the science on the problem of glyphosate’s effects on the human microbiome numerous times. For example, a August 15, 2024 Daily News reviewed evidence that victims of Parkinson’s disease have profoundly altered gut microbiomes, and that this changes the prognosis for their disease. A detailed a study in Nature Communications created a map of the network of pesticides, gut microbes, and metabolites; the study found 306 pesticide-bacteria pairings—including glyphosate—where gut microbes significantly shifted their metabolisms, and determined that these changes manifested in mouse brain, liver, intestinal, and lung tissues. For a comprehensive view of glyphosate’s plethora of health-damaging effects, including on the microbiome, see the section on glyphosate in the Gateway on Pesticide Hazards and Safe Pest Management.

In the Petrolândia region, the water content of the soil is of special concern given the dry climate. The Brazilian researchers analyzed the solutes in the soil water of several samples from the region for plant nutrients, contaminants and general soil quality. They isolated 28 bacterial species, including the human pathogens Clostridium difficile, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Klebsiella variicola. Five of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with S. maltophilia resistant to eight antibiotics, the highest of any species.

They also analyzed the soils for levels of several metals, including zinc and chromium. (While zinc is a micronutrient, it has been shown to build up to toxic levels in fertilized soils.) They then exposed Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) larvae to the Petrolândia soils to determine whether there were DNA-damaging contaminants present. Those larvae show higher DNA damage compared to controls, with zinc and chromium responsible for most of the damage. The authors note that these results are consistent with other research showing that arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel are detectable in 22 different pesticides, including 11 glyphosate formulations. Thus, glyphosate can affect soil microbial balance and soil organism functions directly, but also by introducing other harmful contaminants.

Taken together, this new research from regions where glyphosate is king demonstrates that the herbicide reaches far beyond agricultural fields into urban and suburban areas, risking the health and even survival of human beings in need of urgent medical care.

This trend does not need to be taken to its most extreme before choosing the wiser course, that of making agriculture organic, renewable, sustainable, and truly healthy.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Sources:
Glyphosate resistance as a potential driver for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant clinical strains
Knecht et al.
Frontiers in Microbiology 2026
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1740431/full

Emerging Bacterial Resistance and Genotoxicity of Water-Soluble Fractions of Agricultural Soils from the Semiarid Region of Brazil Affected by the Continuous Use of Glyphosate
Silva Souza et al.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2026
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00128-026-04230-1

Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) induce phenotypic imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hahn et al.
Scientific Reports 2022
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-23117-9

Pesticide-Induced Gut Microbiota Composition Alterations Linked to Parkinson’s Disease Prognosis
August 15, 2024
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2024/08/pesticide-induced-gut-microbiota-composition-alterations-and-parkinsons-disease-prognosis/

Study Maps the Gut Microbiome and Adverse Impacts of Pesticide Residues
Beyond Pesticides, June 11, 2025
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2025/06/study-maps-the-gut-microbiome-and-adverse-impacts-of-pesticide-residues/

(Beyond Pesticides, April 20, 2026) Earth Day, this week on Wednesday, April 22, is a day of education and action. Earth Day embodies the power of people in their communities engaging to advance changes in policies and practices that meet the environmental and public health challenges of the day. This year, 2026, may be a turning point in which public outrage about the failure of the current political leadership in Congress and in the Trump administration to address the existential health, biodiversity, and climate crises is deemed politically unacceptable. Animating public concern are elected officials who call the climate crisis a hoax and dismiss the health and environmental threat associated with the weed killer glyphosate (Roundup)—as representative of the deregulation of pesticides associated with cancer and other deadly diseases.

The words of the chair of the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee of Health and the Environment, Representative Paul Rogers (D-FL), express in the importance of grassroots action that elevated Earth Day. In a piece in the EPA Journal, Rep. Rogers wrote the following:

“Historians of the environmental movement are likely to peg Earth Day 1970 as a key turning point in the American public’s consciousness about environmental problems. I believe that Congress’ enactment of the 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act a few months later was an equally significant landmark. . . The juxtaposition of Earth Day and the 1970 amendments was no accident. As a representative body, Congress was responding to . . . public concern about the environmental pollution that was symbolized by the Earth Day demonstrations.”

The first Earth Day marked the beginning of a worldwide movement to protect the Earth from threats such as oil spills, raw sewage discharged into waterways, toxic chemical dumps, rampant pesticide use, the degradation of important habitats, and wildlife loss—a movement that led to passage of crucial environmental legislation, which is now at risk. While we try to ensure that the gains of the past years are not lost, we can act locally to improve our local environments. 

In an action posted for Earth Day, Beyond Pesticides asks: “Does your community have a pesticide-free park managed with organic practices? Do you wish it did? The time to take action to protect those parks and create new ones is now.“

The action goes on to identify local actions and policies:
In partnership with major retailers like Natural Grocers and Stonyfield Organic, the Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future program provides in-depth training to assist community land managers in transitioning two public green spaces to organic landscape management, while aiming to provide the knowledge and skills necessary to eventually transition all public areas in a locality to these safer practices. See a map of cities where Beyond Pesticides has assisted local leaders in converting parks and recreational areas to convert exclusively to organic practices and to eliminate the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. 

Become a Parks Advocate. Beyond Pesticides will develop materials for your community. Here is a new factsheet on pesticide hazards and alternatives that you can use! Here is an example of a brochure from our work in New York City. 

Opportunities for Action:

• If your community is one of a growing number across the country that has taken action to protect its citizens and environment by adopting organic policies and practices in its public spaces, please take this opportunity to thank your community leaders. However, be aware that the pesticide industry is seeking to take those policies away from you.  

  Message: Thank you so much for implementing pesticide-free, organic policies and practices in our parks and public places! I love to spend time in our parks, knowing that I will not be exposed to toxic chemicals. It is great to know that toxic chemicals will not run off from our public spaces into streams and other water. It is wonderful to know that flowers in our parks can provide nectar to pollinators who face so many threats these days. In honor of Earth Day, thank you on behalf of our local community. 
   

• If your community has not yet taken action to protect its citizens and environment by adopting organic policies and practices in its public spaces, tell them how much you want them to do so.  

  Message: When I learned about how many communities protect their citizens and local environment by transitioning to organic landcare in parks and other public places (https://bp-dc.org/tools-for-change), I became jealous. I asked why we can’t do the same in our own community. Pesticides used in parks, playing fields, and other public places threaten our health—especially that of our children, who are closer to the ground and have greater exposure. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers run off, finding their way to streams. They also threaten pollinators, who are at risk from multiple threats. Communities no longer need to figure out how to do this alone. Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future (https://bp-dc.org/sustainable-parks-land-care-training) program aims to bridge the gaps resulting from staffing constraints and tight budgets, allowing communities to pilot the transition to organic land care on two public sites. I urge you to email [email protected] (mailto:[email protected]) or call Beyond Pesticides at 202-543-5450 to get started.  

Further Earth Day actions: 

• Create your own pesticide-free space in your backyard.  Advertise Your Commitment with a Beyond Pesticides “Pesticide Free Zone” Sign. Please share with us pictures of your organic yard or local park.  Tell us why your pesticide-free parks are important to you. 
   
• Switch from a conventional to organic diet and drastically reduce the levels of pesticide in your body, with one week on organic food showing a 70% reduction in glyphosate in the body, according to one study.  
   
• Get ready to grow your spring garden the organic way by Springing Into Action. 
   
• Join us in celebrating, propagating, and educating about a misunderstood and beneficial plant: clover.  

The targets for this Action are U.S. mayors, as available in the system. If your mayor is not listed, please send their office an email! One tool is the USA.gov “Find and contact elected officials” page, which also lists other options for finding local elected officials in your community.

The action encourages timely advocacy with members of Congress as the Farm Bill moves to a vote of the House and Senate:
There are numerous provisions—a package of provisions—in the U.S. House of Representatives Agriculture Committee Farm Bill, voted out on March 5, that seriously undermine protections of health and the environment from pesticides, according to public health and environmental advocates. In response, Beyond Pesticides and allies are calling on U.S. Representatives and Senators to reject the Farm Bill as passed out of the House Agriculture Committee and, instead, pass a one-year extension of current law to protect health and the environment.

The package of amendments covers critical areas of protection that have been established over decades of Congressional action. While groups have called for major reforms, Beyond Pesticides says, “Existing pesticide law forms the foundation on which improvements should be made, not backsliding to give the chemical industry free rein.” (See Advocates Call on Congress To Reject House Agriculture Committee Farm Bill and Extend Current Law.)

For more information, please stay tuned for the Daily News post on April 22, 2026, in celebration of Earth Day!

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 17, 2026) A comparative analysis published in The Lancet Planetary Health highlights the pervasiveness of pesticide pollution in organic and non-organic farms in Latin America (Costa Rica) and Africa (Uganda). While pesticides were detected in nearly all participating farmers, there is a significant relationship between lower biomarker concentrations (often correlating with less contamination) in urine samples of organic farmers relative to non-organic farmers. The researchers also identified that older farmers held higher herbicide and insecticide concentrations.

This research builds on the preponderance of scientific evidence and lived experiences of agricultural communities across the globe, including the U.S., which documents nontarget contamination of food systems through air, water, and soil. In this context, Beyond Pesticides continues to advocate for a transition to organic land management practices.

Methodology and Results

“We collected urine samples from 601 conventional and organic smallholder farmers in Zarcero County, Costa Rica, and Wakiso District, Uganda, on two occasions during the primary spraying season,” the authors write in introducing their methodology. The researchers tested urine samples of small-scale farmers in Costa Rica and Uganda for a mix of pesticides that include a fungicide, herbicide and insecticides—mancozeb (ETU), 2,4-D, glyphosate, pyrethroid metabolites (3-PBA, DCCA), diazinon (IMPy), and chlorpyrifos (TCPy). Participant data were gathered across two visits, including height, weight, sociodemographic (age, sex, literacy, income), farm-related (drinking water source, farming practice, job role), and pesticide-related information (pesticide poisoning, pesticide training, glove use, and application of parent pesticides). For more details on the statistical analysis, please see page four of the study PDF.

The researchers received funding support from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Swedish Research Council, Swiss Network for International Studies, Universidad Nacional in Costa Rica, and State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation. This research is a continuation of the Pesticide Use in Tropical Settings (PESTROP) Study project, “an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research project studying environmental, health, and institutional dimensions of pesticide use in tropical settings.”

In the introduction of their study, researchers point to existing data sets and evidence in Costa Rica (PESTROP study, see here and here) and Uganda (Improving exposure assessment methodologies for epidemiological studies on pesticides [IMPRESS] project), identifying pesticide safety training and organic farming as viable approaches to lower pesticide biomarkers in the human body. This study builds on the conclusions of previous research by comparing the relative reduction ranges of both approaches. “Lower biomarker concentrations were significantly associated with organic and mixed farming practices (24–68%) and with previous training on pesticide safety (17–27%),” according to the authors.

In other words, organic farming is more effective at reducing pesticide levels in the body relative to safety training that permits the continuous use of substances with known adverse effects.

The researchers conclude with some additional notable findings from the study:

• “In Costa Rica, 30 (11 percent) of 279 lived below the global poverty line, whereas in Uganda, 233 (78 percent) of 297 participants lived below the poverty line.”
• “All seven biomarkers were detected in nearly all participants in both countries, confirming widespread pesticide exposure of smallholder farmers in tropical LMICs [lower- and middle-income countries].”
• “Although Costa Rica had a higher number of applicators overall and more participants reporting pesticide application within the past week—suggesting a potentially higher application frequency—biomarker concentrations were not consistently elevated, probably due to lower pesticide quantities used per application, increased training, and greater PPE use.”
• “Higher biomarker concentrations with increasing age could be due to slower metabolism and differences in fat distribution and body water compared with younger patients, as these factors alter the distribution and elimination of lipophilic compounds [defined as the ability ‘to dissolve, be disolved in, or absorb lipids (fats)’ according to the National Cancer Institute], such as pyrethroids.”
• “An unexpected finding was the positive relationship between IMPy [diazinon] concentrations and glove use. During data collection, we observed that many farmers used gloves inconsistently and did not wash their gloves or hands after handling pesticides.”
• “Given the consistent associations across countries, our findings are likely generalizable to similar populations; however, they might not be applicable in environmental or non-tropical settings with different exposure routes and pest pressures, and they should not be interpreted as representative of the entire countries, as our use of Costa Rica and Uganda refer only to the respective study areas.”
• “There were approximately twice as many fungicide and herbicide applicators in Costa Rica as in Uganda, and a higher percentage of Costa Rican farmers reported applications within the last week, indicating a higher application frequency (Table 2). The percentage of insecticide applicators was similar in both countries; however, the percentage of applications within the last week appeared to be almost twice as high in Costa Rica as in Uganda.”

Previous Coverage

The consequences of pesticide exposure cannot be understated, as evidenced by peer-reviewed scientific literature.

“The routine use of common pesticides in agriculture is no longer an ethically viable option for sustainable food production,” according to a new review in Reproduction & Fertility by livestock researcher Whitney Payne, Ph.D. candidate, and Kelsey R. Pool, PhD, of the School of Agriculture and Environment at The University of Western Australia. They base their position on the endocrine-disrupting qualities of many pesticides. (See Daily News here.)

Researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed pesticide and PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) contamination in ten agricultural streams in the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys (Central Valley) in 2024, detecting 60 pesticides, synergists, and associated transformation products, including 12 fluorinated pesticides (Dithiopyr, Trifluralin, Fluridone, Oxyfluorfen, Penoxsulam, Flubendiamide, Bifenthrin, Flonicam, Indoxacarb, Cyhalothrin, Fluopyram, and Penthiopyrad) that meet the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) definition of qualifying as PFAS. “[T]he OECD fluorinated pesticides were generally detected more frequently and at higher concentrations” says the authors relative to the 48 other compounds. Relatedly, research finds products containing three of the detected pesticides (Methoxyfenozide, Imidacloprid, and Piperonyl Butoxide) associated with various PFAS, and according to the authors, there are a handful of active ingredients, such as the insecticide Methoxyfenozide and the fungicide Azoxystrobin, detected in 100 percent of collected samples. Their entire findings were published in Environmental Science & Technology Letters in March 2026. (See Daily News here.)

Adverse health effects of numerous pesticides have been identified in the literature. For example, in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, a study of gestational (during pregnancy) exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid shows epigenetic effects (alterations in genes without altering underlying DNA) within prostate tissues. To analyze the role of gene expression in subsequent generations after initial thiacloprid exposure, the authors exposed pregnant outbred Swiss mice to the insecticide in order to assess the offspring for multiple generations. As a result, the researchers from the Université de Rennes in France state, “Our study revealed that exposure to thiacloprid induces [cell] proliferation and is associated with epigenetic alterations in the sperm of genes important for prostate development.” Increased cell proliferation in the prostate can cause the development of conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and lead to prostate cancer. (See Daily News here.) A literature review published in Chemico-Biological Interactions links pyrethroid insecticide exposure to cardiac dysfunction. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous research through July 2025, the authors find emerging evidence that indicates pyrethroids induce adverse cardiovascular effects through pathways of inflammation, oxidative stress, and myocardial injury (damage to the heart muscle). (See Daily News here.)

In a study of birth outcomes in Arizona, published in the Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, researchers find that preconception and prenatal exposure to certain carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids increases the risk of lower Apgar scores, a metric used to assess neonatal health at one minute and five minutes after birth. (See Daily News here.) A review of pesticide exposure from a family member working in agriculture (“take-home” residues) finds that pesticide levels in the home are elevated between 2.6- and 3.7-times. This and other nonoccupational exposure data from homes are drawn from the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) prospective study of cancer and other health outcomes in a cohort of licensed pesticide applicators and their spouses from Iowa and North Carolina. Between 1993 and 1997, with follow-up between 1999 and 2021, AHS tracks occupational and nonoccupational exposure and subsequent health effects from pesticide exposure. The study, published in Environmental Advances, reexamines a quantitative analysis on nontarget, “active-ingredient-specific” exposure to pesticides from multiple pathways—applying new criteria to AHS spousal exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide atrazine. The three pesticide exposure pathways include take-home, agricultural drift, and residential use. (See Daily News here.)

Meanwhile, there is the continued emergence of evidence of organic agriculture’s benefits to public health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Researchers in Germany and Brazil investigated the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes in “bee hotels” in organic and non-organic areas, finding a positive correlation between organically managed fields and numerous indicators of improved pollinator health, including an “increase in bee abundance, species richness, and diversity.” To analyze differing landscapes across eight conventional and nine organic nesting sites, the researchers identified ‘foraging zones’ around each site based on units of circular areas within a 500-meter radius. “Our study demonstrates positive effects of organic farming for solitary bees of the genera Heriades, Chelostoma, Hylaeus, Megachile, Osmia, Hoplites, and Coelioxys. Both brood cells and species abundance increased with a higher proportion of organic farming in the conventional agricultural landscape,” say the authors. (See Daily News here.) Another study published in Scientific Reports highlights the benefits of organic agriculture in comparison to different farming systems over five years on four crops (maize, tomato, faba bean, and potato). “Soil carbon sequestration is a long-time storage of carbon in soil which represents 70% of the carbon in land,” the authors note. “Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the agricultural practice systems on the soil carbon sequestration and properties, productivity, water consumption, soil carbon sequestration, CO₂ emission and cost of some agricultural crops.” As a result, the experiment reveals that, compared to chemical-intensive farming, organic methods enhance soil properties, reduce water consumption, provide higher yields and higher soil carbon sequestration, reduce CO2 emissions, and achieve the highest total net profit for all four crops after five years. (See Daily News here.) In a study published in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, researchers from France find pesticide-free fields promote carabid beetles and spiders, generalist arthropod predators that consume slugs, aphids, and mites, that in turn support healthy, organic systems. (See Daily News here.)

Call to Action

You can sign up for Action of the Week and Weekly News Update to stay notified on ways you can take action to support public investments and programs that expand organic land management, in agricultural contexts and on public green spaces, parks, and playing fields, to ultimately move beyond a reliance on synthetic materials.

A recent action calls on Congress to reject the Farm Bill as passed out of the House Agriculture Committee and vote to extend the current law to protect health and the environment.

Additionally, as an individual, you can also sign a petition asking major food processors and mills to reject the use of genetically modified organism (GMO) wheat, which is grown with the highly toxic weed killer glufosinate. The petition, being distributed in collaboration with Friends of the Earth and a coalition of like-minded organizations, asks companies to reject the inclusion of glufosinate-tolerant HB4 wheat in the marketplace, transition away from GMO commodities, and shift to support organic agricultural products to protect farmers, farmworkers, consumers, and the environment. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: The Lancet Planetary Health

(Beyond Pesticides, April 16, 2026) A study of organic tomato agroecosystems with managed and wild bees, published in Apidologie, affirms the importance of protecting natural systems to support organisms that contribute to crop productivity. The study finds that the strategy of introducing social bees, even those native to other nearby areas, to enhance pollination in open-field conditions provides no direct benefits to the crops that are better served by wild bees. In evaluating the addition of Melipona quadrifasciata stingless bees, not native to the study site, for assisted pollination of tomato plants cultivated in open organic fields, the researchers note that “the presence of M. quadrifasciata hives did not influence fruit quality, indicating that wild bees primarily drove pollination benefits.”

This research, in assessing both wild and managed bees in organic tomato agroecosystems, supports previous scientific literature showing that promoting naturally occurring pollinators is the most sustainable and cost-effective strategy for ensuring pollination services. “This finding underscores the importance of conserving and promoting wild pollinator diversity in organic agroecosystems, as they play a critical role in sustaining pollination services,” the researchers affirm. They also say, “By offering a diverse range of floral shapes, colours, traits, and sizes, non-crop plants support a broader assemblage of pollinator species with complementary functional traits.” Incorporating non-crop plants helps to enhance biodiversity and support beneficial organisms.

As the managed hives did not directly contribute to tomato pollination, the wild bees provide the primary pollination service, highlighting the importance of supporting wild bees in all agroecosystems. The authors state: “DNA metabarcoding analysis confirmed that M. quadrifasciata did not visit tomato flowers and relied mostly on pollen from arboreal plants. Our findings underscore the importance of conserving and promoting wild pollinators in organic agroecosystems by managing non-crop plants, which support diverse pollinator communities.”

Study Importance and Background

As the study points out, “The demand for assisted pollination has increased, particularly for high-nutrition crops that form the basis of family farming (e.g., fruits and vegetables) and are highly dependent on animal pollination.” Using Meliponini hives for assisted pollination in Brazil is common, as they naturally occur in this region, lack a functional stinger and reduce risks of adverse incidents for farmers and farmworkers, and have generalist foraging habits. “Additionally, these bees exhibit morphological and behavioural diversity, including the ability to vibrate their bodies, which allows them to pollinate a wide variety of buzz-pollinated plants,” the researchers write.

Tomato plants require specific pollination behaviors, but are also “capable of self-pollination due to their hermaphroditic and self-compatible flowers.” Cross-pollination by bees, however, significantly enhances fruit productivity. Data on the effectiveness of adding managed stingless bees as a pollinator strategy in tomato agroecosystems, however, is scarce. “This practice typically lacks local, empirical validation, raising significant doubts about the efficacy of these bees on new target crops, their foraging preferences, and colony viability in new environments,” the authors write.

Methodology and Results

This study evaluates assisted pollination of tomato plants grown in open organic fields by assessing the quality of M. quadrifasciata hives, impact of introducing M. quadrifasciata hives on the diversity and abundance of wild bees, and the productivity and quality parameters of tomato fruits. These hives were maintained in an experimental area in Brazil, which is considered a biodiversity hotspot. “This biome supports 12% of the bee species in the Neotropical region, comprising approximately 820 species, with a significant proportion of endemic species,” the researchers state.

“The introduction of M. quadrifasciata hives into agroecosystems was evaluated across seven farms from July to October 2023,” with each of the farms engaging in organic management systems for at least three years prior to the study. The farmers also allowed non-crop plants to grow between crop rows and along field margins, providing additional areas for pollinators to visit.

Sampling of bees, tomatoes, and pollen collected from the hives allows for assessment of pollination services provided by wild and introduced bees. The authors state: “We evaluated the occurrence of introduced and wild bees in the tomato plants and on non-crop plants around the field margins, within a radius of up to 10 m from the cultivated area. Sampling bees on non-crop plants aimed to determine whether M. quadrifasciata also foraged on these plants, which are essential for maintaining wild bee interactions within tomato crop areas.” Up to two fruits per treatment from each tomato plant were also collected, which included “(1) SP—self-pollination, where tomato inflorescences were bagged during the pre-anthesis stage using material that allows only wind passage, preventing bee visits; and (2) OP—open-pollination, where bees were allowed to visit the flowers.” Fruit quality is assessed using measurements for fruit weight, diameter, number of seeds per fruit, and pest damage.

As a result, the researchers find that despite the introduced hives establishing new brood cells and food storage pots for pollen and honey, they did not visit any tomato flowers. In total, 2,692 bees visiting tomato (1,290 individuals) and non-crop (1,402) flowers were collected, which were identified into 60 different species. Of these, eight species were recorded only on tomato plants, 37 on non-crop plants, and 15 on both. The bees that most frequently visited the tomato plants were Paratrigona lineata, Exomalopsis analis, Exomalopsis auropilosa, and multiple species of Pseudaugochlora.

The study also reveals “no significant effect of managed colonies on the assessed fruit quality parameters” even though the tomatoes with open pollination have higher fruit weights and lengths, as well as higher numbers of seeds. The authors conclude that: “Hive introduction did not influence fruit quality, confirming that wild bees primarily drove the benefits of pollination, besides the role of wind. This suggests limited effectiveness of M. quadrifasciata for assisted pollination in open-field tomato crops.” This also further highlights the critical role of wild bee species and the urgent need to protect them.

Previous Research

Beyond Pesticides extensively covers the importance of pollinators and other beneficial organisms, as shown on the What the Science Shows on Biodiversity resource page. As shared in previous Daily News, bringing in managed pollinators to increase crop pollination, while critical in many orchard crops because of the kill-off of native bees, is undermined by chemical-intensive land management practices, particularly when the hives are on or near pesticide-contaminated “killing fields” or “ecological traps.” Pesticides are used on agricultural fields, and on seeds and crops grown in them; residues from spraying can drift to other areas, including vegetation on the perimeter of fields, and settle on soil and vegetation (including pollinator food sources), and contaminated water runoff can end up in drainage ditches and waterways that are favored by some flowering species. These chemicals are also used in nonagricultural areas for turf management, such as in public parks, greenspaces, golf courses, and other recreation or open spaces that may have pollinator-friendly vegetation (whether intentionally planted or “volunteer”). Direct exposures to pesticides, and/or indirect exposures through feeding from contaminated plants, exacerbate the negative impacts of these chemicals on pollinator populations. Opportunities for pollinator exposure to chemical pesticides can be rife.

Additional Daily News, entitled Bees Benefit from Diverse Flower Species in Ag Fields and Surroundings; Organic Farm Benefits Highest, highlights a large amount of evidence showing that organic farming presents effective solutions to many of these problems. Evidence shows that organic agriculture prevents the untold harms of pesticide-driven monoculture agriculture. In a study published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, German researchers compared 16 agricultural landscapes in Lower Saxony and northern Hesse that had different combinations of semi-natural habitat, organic practices, and annual and perennial flower strips. Overall, the researchers find that organic farming provides the highest benefit to the bees, along with the presence of diverse flowering plants in and near monoculture fields.

As the study shows, organic practices lead directly to lower parasite load and higher colony growth—essentially, the more organic crops, the more bees, and the more parasites, the fewer bees. Pesticides plus monoculture doubles the damage: Pesticides increase mortality, damage bees’ immune systems, and reduce foraging capacity, while monoculture disturbs bees’ nutritional balance, making them less able to resist parasites and survive pesticide exposure. In a perverse irony, conventional agriculture has been shifting toward more pollinated crops, such as almonds, apples, blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes. Beyond Pesticides has covered this research, which shows that between 1961 and 2016, the aggregate land area of crops requiring pollination grew by 136.9%, all while actual pollinator abundance was plunging because of pesticides, land use and climate changes, and monoculture. See additional Daily News about pollinators here.

Beyond Pesticide Resources

To help support the holistic, organic solution and protect all species—whether bees, other pollinators, or wildlife—we must shift away from the underlying agricultural and land management dependency on pesticides and incorporate practices that support biodiversity. Ultimately, the widespread adoption of organic management systems is necessary to protect biodiverse ecosystems and their inhabitants, especially those that support crop pollination.

Learn how to BEE Protective: Protecting Honey Bees and Wild Pollinators From Pesticides. In your own yard, use the Bee Protective Habitat Guide to plant a pollinator garden suited for your region, and consider seeding white clover into your lawn. Learn more about Pollinator-Friendly Seeds and Taking a Stand on Clover.

Consider taking action on governmental actions that are harmful to the environment and public and worker health, increase overall pesticide use, or undermine the advancement of organic, sustainable, and regenerative practices and policies. Sign up now to get our Action of the Week and Weekly News Updates delivered right to your inbox!

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Assunção, R. et al. (2026) Wild bees are key pollinators in organic tomato agroecosystems regardless of the presence of a managed stingless bee, Apidologie. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13592-026-01250-y.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 15, 2026) Researchers in the Czech Republic tested indoor dust across 116 homes and found that 93 percent of homes across urban and rural areas contained residue of at least one current-use pesticide (CUP). The study also found in every household residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), the breakdown products or byproducts of certain banned organochlorine pesticides (OCP). These compounds, as well as DDT metabolites DDE and DDD, were detected in more than half of the homes tested. Results in this study and previous research confirm that pesticides used outdoors find their way indoors, resulting in an exposure pattern that is not calculated when pesticides are registered and allowed on the market. The findings are published in Indoor Environments.

These findings characterize the legacy of toxic pesticide exposure resulting from the proliferation of pesticides in the United States and around the world without a complete assessment of the chemicals’ residual activity and multigenerational adverse impacts on health. Based on the decades of peer-reviewed scientific literature on pesticide exposure and effects from across the globe, public health and environmental advocates warn that there is a continuation of this pattern of long-term effects associated with new pesticides linked to cancer, reproductive, neurological, and immunological effects—as exemplified by the recently registered PFAS “forever” pesticides with widespread adverse public health and environmental threats and disproportionate impacts to children, farmworkers, and people of color communities. (See Widespread PFAS Pesticide Contamination Harkens Back to DDT Poisoning.) This history of ongoing poisoning and contamination emboldens advocates to mobilize for an alternative approach that breaks the cycle of chemical-intensive dependency in pest management and transitions to organic practices—as defined by the Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA) and decades of principles from organic regenerative land management.

Methodology and Results

“To improve our understanding of the indoor presence of pesticides, we investigated pesticide concentrations in the context of building types, locations and characteristics of the building bacteriome,” the authors write. They continue: “Given the known seasonality in pesticide use and outdoor air concentrations of pesticides [], we additionally sampled a subset of homes monthly over one year to investigate the seasonal variations and trends in pesticide profiles.”

The indoor dust samples were assessed for 36 CUPs (pesticides that are currently in use), including:

• Eighteen herbicides (alachlor, acetochlor, atrazine, chlorsulfuron, chlortoluron, dimethachlor, diuron, fenoxaprop ethyl, fluroxypyr, isoproturon, metamitron, metazachlor, metolachlor, metribuzin, pendimethalin, pyrazon, simazine, and terbutylazine);
• Thirteen insecticides (azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, disulfoton, fenitrothion, fonofos, malathion, methyl parathion, pirimicarb, temefos, and terbufos); and
• Five fungicides (carbendazim, fenpropimorph, prochloraz, propiconazole, and tebuconazole).

The samples were also assessed for ten OCPs and breakdown products (metabolites), including DDT, DDE, DDD, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, epsilon-HCH, pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). For quality assurance and control of the data, the researchers collected field blanks (contaminant-free samples treated with the same conditions as the experimental samples) and procedural blanks (assessing the potential contamination of pesticide analytes within the laboratory setting).

With respect to the intersection of bacterial and pesticide residue, the household data was quality-controlled to home in on 88 samples. They employed the “Spearman rank correlation matrix” through statistical analysis tools (see Section 2.3.2 on data analysis) to assess any relationships between these two categories of residues. Dust ingestion exposure estimates for pesticides with greater than 40 percent detection frequency in tested households are compared with typical and high exposure scenarios (based on EPA’s Exposure Factors Handbook for children between the ages of one and six years), with reference doses for chronic ingestion exposure (based on 2024 data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency CompTox).

The researchers arrive at the following conclusions/results:

• The fungicides carbendazim (84.5 percent), propiconazole (49.1 percent), and tebuconazole (11.2 percent), and the herbicide atrazine (24.1 percent) were the most frequently detected residues in this study.
• Researchers found that houses older than four decades had significantly higher concentrations of DDD, DDE, and HCB.
• Carbendazim and propiconazole levels were significantly impacted by households with adjacent gardens, the former having higher levels in non-garden homes and the latter having higher levels in homes with gardens.
• DDE concentrations are higher in pet households, given that dogs and cats are likely to bring in more soil particles. More research is needed to ascertain other factors that could play into this finding, according to the researchers.
• Across four locations (“urban central,” “urban residential,” “suburban agricultural,” and “suburban forested”), atrazine, carbendazim, propiconazole, and tebuconazole were the only CUPs detected either in more than 50 percent of samples or greater than same detection level in at least one of the four locations.
• Researchers hope to continue this research to assess other routes of exposure, including diet, inhalation, and dermal, to more holistically assess potential harm.
• Reference doses were not available for multiple detected pesticides, and the potential for synergistic/additive effects from chemical mixtures is not assessed, which the researchers acknowledge, writing that their “exposure estimates presented here should be interpreted as a simplified screening level assessment rather than a comprehensive evaluation of cumulative pesticide exposure.”

Previous Coverage

This is not the first study Beyond Pesticides has reviewed that focuses on indoor dust exposure in agricultural and nonagricultural households/communities, in the U.S. and global contexts.

A study published in Environmental Science and Technology finds that there are 47 current-use pesticides detected in samples of indoor dust, drinking water, and urine from households in the state of Indiana. “In this study, we collected matched samples of indoor dust, drinking water, and urine from 81 households in Indiana, United States, and analyzed these samples for 82 CUPs [current use pesticides], including 48 insecticides, 25 herbicides, and 9 fungicides,” the authors write. They continue: “Of these, 47 CUPs were identified across samples of indoor dust, drinking water, and urine with median total CUP (∑CUP) concentrations of 18 300 ng/g, 101 ng/L, and 2.93 ng/mL, respectively.”  The participants were recruited through the Person-to-Person (P2P) Health Interview study cohort at Indiana University, which was approved by the university’s Institutional Review Board. The dust, drinking water, and urine samples were all collected on the same day for each study participant, with three samples per participant, amounting to 243 total samples. Neonicotinoids and their “breakdown products” were the most abundant group of insecticides found in indoor dust, “contributing more than 70% to the total insecticide concentrations.” Additionally, “the most abundant herbicide detected in indoor dust was 2,4-dichorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), which constituted more than 85% of the total herbicide concentrations.” Considering that 2,4-D has a short half-life of one and a half days, the authors believe that this “may indicate a recent application in the vicinity of the sampling area.” (See Daily News here.)

Meanwhile, a study published in Environment International concurs with previous reports that agricultural pesticide treatment can contaminate nearby residential areas, resulting in indoor chemical exposure via concentrations of insecticide active ingredients in house dust. Researchers collected carpet-dust samples from 598 California homes to measure the concentration of nine insecticides: carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, permethrin, azinphos-methyl, cyfluthrin, malathion, and phosmet. To compare the buffer zone between residential and agricultural areas, using the California Pesticide Use Reporting (CPUR) database, researchers estimate pesticide use within the buffer zone of agricultural and residential areas (buffer zone radii = 0.5 to 4 km). During the 30-, 60-, 180-, and 365-day periods, researchers evaluated the relationship between the density of pesticide use and the presence of pesticide dust concentration. (See Daily News here.)

Outside of the U.S. context, two recent studies add to earlier findings that raise exposure and health concerns of pesticide exposure through indoor dust. A large European study of house dust contaminants, published in Science of the Total Environment, finds more than 1,200 anthropogenic compounds, including numerous organophosphates, the phthalate DEHP, PCBs, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Additionally, a recent Argentine study, “Pesticide contamination in indoor home dust: A pilot study of non-occupational exposure in Argentina,” examines contaminant levels in household dust in villages and towns distributed throughout the Pampas region, where soybeans, corn, sunflowers, and livestock, especially cattle, are raised. The study participants were not agricultural workers, but teachers, government workers, librarians, retirees, college students, doctors, lawyers, artists, and businesspeople. The European study emphasizes previously reported determinations that the health effects of combined exposures have not been a priority for chemical companies or regulators. The European researchers attempted to determine acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for 202 of the compounds, but only 46 “had consensus-based ADI values.” In other words, of the 1,200 anthropogenic compounds detected, a measure of potential toxicity was available for only about 4 percent. (See Daily News here.)

A University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) report, Building Capacity for Robust Pesticide Regulation: Part I – Cumulative Impacts, underscores some of the critical gaps in federal and state pesticide law and the opportunity for comprehensive reform to strengthen cumulative impact assessments for true and accurate exposure data for pesticide products. The main goal for this specific report is to develop a toolbox of scientific methodologies/approaches for California’s Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) and the local permitting process by county agricultural commissioners (CACs) to engage in more comprehensive and cumulative impact assessments under their purview. In the report, cumulative exposure refers to the various pathways (e.g., soil, air, water) and routes (e.g., ingestion, dermal, inhalation) through which pesticide exposure occurs. Cumulative risk is the combined risk from multiple exposures, with cumulative impact stacking on additional dimensions (or “stressors,” as the report refers to them), including socio-economic status or heat stress, among others. There is also a distinction in regulatory approaches for different types of pesticide mixtures (product mixtures, field mixtures, and coincidental mixtures), a set of criteria that is nonexistent in federal pesticide law. (See Daily News here.) Advocates continue to call for more robust state and local pesticide laws.

Call to Action

The most efficient and effective way to eliminate the manufacturing, distribution, sales, use, and disposal of synthetic pesticides is to build political will for the adoption of organic and nature-based pest management. You can take action today by asking your mayor to adopt a policy and program for organic management of your community’s parks and public spaces. You can take action by contacting your local elected officials about adopting an ordinance for the management of public land (and in six states, all land, including private property) in your town, county, or city.  If you are based in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, contact your local elected officials (municipal level) to discuss passage of a home rule petition with the objective of acquiring approval from the state legislature to authorize local pesticide ordinances with an organic land management mandate for all property within the jurisdiction. For information on working with Beyond Pesticides on the adoption of organically managed demonstration sites, including playing fields, parks, and school grounds, see Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future program or reach out to [email protected].  

You can also sign up for Action of the Week and Weekly News Update to stay notified on ways you can take action to expand public investments and programs that expand organic land management, in agricultural contexts and on public green spaces, parks, and playing fields, to move beyond a reliance on synthetic materials.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Indoor Environments

(Beyond Pesticides, April 14, 2026) A novel study mapping pesticide mixtures and cancer risk, published in Nature Health, “reveals a robust spatial association between environmental pesticide exposure risk and cancer incidence.” The team of international researchers incorporates pesticide risk modeling with Peruvian National Cancer Institute (INEN) registry data to map pesticide-induced cancer clusters in Peru, finding significant associations between pesticide mixtures and cases of carcinogenicity. The study analyzes 31 active ingredients to identify pesticide-associated cancer hotspots, none of which are classified as carcinogenic on their own by international standards. When combined as pesticide mixtures, as experienced in real-world environments, heightened risks and synergistic effects are noted.

“Collectively, these findings strongly support a mechanistic [causal] link between pesticide exposure and cancer, challenging assumptions of human non-carcinogenicity derived from reductionist experimental models,” the authors state. “This study redefines the exposome [measure of all environmental, dietary, lifestyle, and social exposures of an individual] as a lineage-conditioned, mechanistically tractable framework and shows how complex pesticide mixtures can contribute to carcinogenic trajectories, with profound and far-reaching implications for global health policy and socio-ecological equity.”

Background

An extensive body of scientific literature connects individual pesticide active ingredients to a wide array of health and environmental effects through very complex and multifaceted mechanisms of toxicity. (See the Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database for more information.) Research also shows increased risks when pesticides are analyzed in mixtures, as they are encountered in the everyday life. However, as the authors point out, “Observational studies often fall short in capturing the complexity of pesticide exposures, whereas experimental models tend to oversimplify real-world dynamics.” These challenges stress the importance of incorporating the complex nature of pesticides, particularly in combination, into the analysis of health risks, as is shown in the current study.

As reported in Daily News earlier this year, researchers studied the effect of multiple climate stressors and pesticides in the environment and published their disturbing findings of elevated harm in “Double trouble: The synergistic threat of environmental stressors and pesticide mixtures,” published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials. The study documents synergism that is 70 times stronger in mixtures than it is for single chemicals, clearly demonstrating that evaluating chemical by chemical, presuming the effects of each are independent, is a bankrupt approach to chemical regulation. Among the manifold failures of pesticide regulators, the failure to address the effects of pesticide mixtures is paramount, since every living thing on the planet is exposed to mixtures rather than single chemicals in some kind of discrete order.

Synergistic effects with pesticide mixtures is further highlighted in Daily News entitled “Study of Chemical Mixtures at Low Concentrations Again Finds Adverse Health Effects.” The researchers note, “Investigators should consider additional binary data for acute toxicity and potential chronic health impacts on these mixture…which showed synergism at low levels.” The findings come as no surprise to advocates who have urged an assessment of the potential synergistic impacts of pesticide mixtures in the regulation of pesticides.

Study Methodology and Results

To capture “population-level heterogeneity in pesticide–cancer risk relationships, our approach maps exposure risk at a fine spatial scale and links statistical associations to mechanistic pathways of carcinogenesis,” the researchers state. Their model was able to compute the environmental fate of 31 of the most commonly used pesticide active ingredients (AIs) in the country, based on pesticide transport and degradation principles, to then estimate pesticide risk.

“The model thus captures cumulative, long-term risk from pesticide mixtures by concurrently estimating the environmental behaviour of all 31 AIs, thereby characterizing temporally stable exposure risk surfaces that reflect persistent contamination regimes rather than short-term variability,” the authors share. They continue: “By integrating a process-based framework with empirical data, our model reconstructs plausible pesticide exposure scenarios at the district scale, capturing the spatial footprint of routine human–environment interactions. To our knowledge, no other system combines national coverage, high spatial resolution and multi-year temporal depth to model chronic exposure risk to a comprehensive panel of key pesticides, making it uniquely suited for spatial epidemiology in Peru.”

Due to minor data gaps, the model maps risk levels for 95.7% of districts within Peru and identifies zones of moderate and high risk throughout more than one-third of the national territory. “The highest environmental pesticide exposure risks were concentrated in the Andean highlands and slopes, especially along the western flank and southern coastal areas, where limited precipitation exacerbates pesticide accumulation,” the researchers say.

To validate the findings within the model, biomonitoring was conducted on hair samples from 50 individuals living in distinct pesticide risk zones. As a result, the authors note: “Biomonitored levels of contaminating AIs and their degradation products exhibited significant spatial autocorrelation, closely aligning with modelled exposure risk estimates.”

Adding on to their pesticide risk model, the researchers then “mapped the spatial distribution of cancer risk across Peru using data from the Peruvian National Cancer Institute (INEN) registry—the country’s most comprehensive source of cancer records—for the years 2007 to 2020.” This yields a dataset of 158,072 primary cancer cases and were validated by expert pathologists.

The results show that: “The most extensive at-risk zones were associated with endodermal and ectodermal epithelial cancers—primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and skin—followed by non-mesenchymal [cells, tissues, or lineages that do not originate from the embryonic mesenchyme], mesoderm-derived [originating from the middle germ layer] malignancies such as those of the female genital organs and kidney.” The geospatial mapping of pesticide-associated cancer risk also reveals disproportionate risks based on population disparities, land use, and Peru’s diverse geography.

“Risk was predominantly concentrated in rural areas experiencing intense anthropogenic pressure,” the authors state. They continue: “Along the semi-arid Pacific coast, prominent hotspots coincided with zones of modern agriculture on reclaimed and fertilized land, notably in Ancash and Piura (north of Lima) and in Ica (south of Lima). In the Andes, smaller hotspots emerged in inter-Andean valleys, where steep terrain accelerates pesticide surface run-off, probably intensifying local exposure and fostering cancer cluster formation.”

This study, through a novel model of pesticide and cancer risk, links pesticide exposure to increased risks in a nationwide cohort, revealing pathways of environmentally driven carcinogenesis. As the researchers summarize: “This strategy enabled high-resolution mapping of cumulative environmental exposure risk to pesticide mixtures—unprecedented in scope—with each AI individually deemed non-carcinogenic. The resulting risk surfaces were linked to spatial patterns of cancer incidence.”

They continue: “Beyond its molecular insights, our study reveals pressing socio-environmental challenges. In regions where intensive agriculture, unsustainable land management and limited healthcare coalesce, the dispersal of pesticides not only undermines ecological resilience but also exacerbates enduring health inequalities. Geospatial modelling reveals that high-risk zones for pesticide-associated cancer are disproportionately concentrated in rural areas experiencing intense anthropogenic pressure.” (See additional Daily News on disproportionate risks here.)

Previous Coverage

On March 31, 2026, a statement decrying chemical company secrecy was released by over 200 grassroots, health, farm, farmworker, environmental, and consumer groups, socially responsible corporations, over 340 citizens from 46 states, and international partners. The statement was released before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the final deadline for submission of amicus briefs in a case in which Bayer/Monsanto argues, with support of the Trump administration, that it should not be required to disclose on its product labels the potential hazards of its pesticide products. Oral arguments in the case will be heard on April 27, with a decision anticipated in June. Decades of law have upheld the legal argument that chemical companies are liable for their failure to warn users of their pesticides about the harm that they could cause. Bayer/Monsanto is attempting to reverse years of case law and billions of dollars in jury verdicts and future cases in which the company has been held liable for causing cancer but not warning product users. (See Daily News articles here and here.)

A wide body of scientific literature links pesticide exposure with cancer, including a study in the International Journal of Epidemiology where researchers from France assess the risks of kidney cancer with a wide range of agricultural activities and tasks, finding that occupational exposure heightens kidney cancer risk. In studying participants from the French AGRIculture and CANcer cohort (AGRICAN) with incident kidney cancer, elevated risks of disease development between 25-56% are documented for both men and women engaging in agricultural activities. In men, the authors find increased kidney cancer in those “working with rapeseed and sunflowers, and tasks related to other crops such as corn, wheat/barley, beet, and tobacco.” In women, an increased risk is noted for winegrowers and corn growers. “Pesticide use (on fields and/or seeds) was associated, for both sexes, with these crops, showing exposure-response relationships with crop area and work duration,” the researchers state. (See Daily News here.)

Additional research in Brazil, published in PLOS ONE, “analyzed the impact of occupational/household chronic exposure to pesticides on the clinicopathological profile of breast cancer in rural women from Paraná southwest, a predominantly rural landscape with large pesticide uses,” finding that “pesticide exposure favors the occurrence of more aggressive breast cancer.” The study highlights the disproportionate risks of pesticides to farmworkers, focusing on women, as it compares exposed and unexposed populations and breast cancer tumor/disease characteristics. (See more here.)

Another study, the first to assess the effect of pesticide exposures on the survival of children with leukemia, finds a statistically significant link between residential rodenticide exposure and a higher risk in children of death from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with about 10% of the exposed children dying within five years of diagnosis. Leukemia is the leading contributor to the clear rise in childhood cancer cases over the last few decades, and the general association of pesticide exposures with childhood leukemia is firmly established. (See Daily News here, as well as additional coverage on pesticides and cancer here.)

Beyond Pesticides’ Resources

As an alternative to carcinogenic pesticides, Beyond Pesticides advocates for the holistic approach of organic agricultural and land management practices. Learn more about how to take action and keep organic strong here and here, and support Beyond Pesticides’ mission of eliminating petrochemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers by 2032.

Now is the time to Spring Into Action! Make The Safer Choice by learning how to avoid hazardous home, garden, community, and food use pesticides. ManageSafe™ also helps to identify the organic management practices and compatible control options for pests in the home and garden.

Buying and growing organic food can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in the environment, which protects all organisms within it. To learn more about the numerous health and environmental benefits of organic systems, see here and here.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Honles, J. et al. (2026) Mapping pesticide mixtures to cancer risk at the country scale with spatial exposomics, Nature Health. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s44360-026-00087-0.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 13, 2026) There are numerous provisions—a package of provisions—in the U.S. House of Representatives Agriculture Committee Farm Bill, voted out on March 5, that seriously undermine protections of health and the environment from pesticides, according to public health and environmental advocates. In response, Beyond Pesticides and allies are calling on U.S. Representatives and Senators to reject the Farm Bill as passed out of the House Agriculture Committee and, instead, pass a one-year extension of current law to protect health and the environment.

The Committee Farm Bill contains provisions that advocates and members of Congress call “poison pills” because any one of them is so far-reaching that they make the entire measure unacceptable. The package of amendments covers critical areas of protection that have been established over decades of Congressional action.

While groups have called for major reforms, Beyond Pesticides, in an action recently released,  says, “Existing pesticide law forms the foundation on which improvements should be made, not backsliding to give the chemical industry free rein.” At stake, according to the group, are core safeguards that are seen as critical to the health of farmers, consumers and the environment—judicial review of chemical manufacturers’ failure to warn about pesticide hazards, the democratic right of local governments in coordination with states to protect residents from pesticide use, and national and local site-specific regulatory action to ensure the safety of air, water, land, and food from pesticides. Overall, critics say, the Committee bill increases dependency on petrochemical fertilizers (which contribute to escalating toxic pesticide use), ignores hunger (despite a historically large $187 billion cut to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/SNAP), dismisses the notion of a fair, responsible, and accessible family farm safety net, and rolls back successful conservation investments. 

The GOP Farm Bill (Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026, H.R. 7567) that slashes protections from pesticides now faces a vote in the full House and then moves to the U.S. Senate, where advocates are urging that the bill with its current provisions be rejected, including Section X, Subtitle C, Part 1 on “Regulatory Reform.”

At a time when documented adverse health and ecological effects from pesticide use are skyrocketing, and sustainable practices have become widely available, the bill is being characterized as a “wish list” for the chemical industry. The science connecting pesticide exposure to neurotoxicity continues to mount. A study in Discover Toxicology highlights neurotoxic pollutants as significant environmental threats, showcasing the adverse impacts on vertebrates’ neurological health from pesticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, and organochlorines. In the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, a study of gestational (during pregnancy) exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid shows epigenetic effects (alterations in genes without altering underlying DNA) within prostate tissues. A literature review published in Chemico-Biological Interactions links pyrethroid insecticide exposure to cardiac dysfunction.

Besides leukemia and other cancers, childhood or in utero exposure to pesticides leads to a greater risk of asthma, ADHD, reproductive hormone production in girls, cardiometabolic disorders in boys, and suppression of the immune system, among other problems. These outcomes are unnecessary, since organic agriculture can produce any product produced by chemical-intensive agriculture. With future agriculture policy now under consideration, it is important that the Farm Bill not be used to prop up the chemical industry, but instead support organic agriculture that will not threaten vulnerable populations.  

The GOP Farm Bill is a sweeping set of exemptions, waivers, and revocations undermining 50 years of laws adopted by Congress to protect farmers, consumers, and the environment.  

There is opposition to the bill in Congress. Rep. Angie Craig (D-MN), condemned the GOP 2026 Farm Bill, saying it would be “‘very difficult, if not impossible’ for her to back a GOP-led farm bill because it contains ‘poison pills’ and doesn’t do enough to aid struggling farmers,” according to Politico. Make America Healthy Again advocates are also incensed over the provision that grants chemical companies immunity from lawsuits for injury when they fail to provide complete safety warnings. Representative Chellie Pingree (D-ME) has indicated that she will seek to strike provisions of the bill. 

Specifically, Subtitle C of Title X, entitled Regulatory Reform, contains the following provisions that threaten human health, the ability of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to keep foods free of dangerous chemicals, and that expose the environment to even greater toxic pesticides: 

• Section 10201(3): Permanently excludes dozens of hazardous chemicals used in industrial agriculture from human health and environmental safety reviews that are currently required under the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. 
   
• Section 10202: Weakens and delays efforts to protect children, farmworkers, and public health, from dangerous pesticides by giving unprecedented authority to the USDA’s Office of Pest Management Policy to review and potentially veto any environmental or human health safeguards determined to be necessary by EPA. 
   
• Section 10203(3): Undermines the integrity of the Endangered Species Act in an unprecedented manner by delaying protections for endangered species against dangerous pesticides by giving an internal interagency workgroup a de facto veto on any efforts to protect endangered species from pesticides, which could delay and weaken critical conservation measures.  
   
• Section 10204: Delays the review of hundreds of pesticides for harms to human health, endangered wildlife, and endocrine disruption until 2031, leaving potentially dangerous pesticides on the market and in widespread use without any updated protective measures. 
   
• Section 10205: Immunizes pesticide companies from their duty to warn the public about dangerous chemicals in their pesticide formulations, potentially eliminating access to the federal courts for thousands of individuals with cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and other health issues scientifically linked to pesticide exposure. See Stop Chemical Company Secrecy of Pesticide Product Hazards. 
   
• Section 10206: Eliminates the six-decade-old authority of state and local governments to implement additional local and state-focused restrictions on the use of dangerous pesticides to protect children, farmworkers, pollinators, public health, and the environment. 
   
• Section 10207: Erases important, long-standing safeguards to protect people and wildlife from pesticide pollution discharged directly into waterways through the Clean Water Act Pesticide General Permit (“PGP”), though the broad language would exempt pesticide approvals from the Endangered Species Act, Clean Air Act, and other bedrock environmental laws. 

Beyond Pesticides’ action states:  Tell U.S. Representatives and Senators to reject the Farm Bill as passed out of the House Agriculture Committee and, instead, pass a one-year extension of current law to protect health and the environment.

Letter to U.S. Representative and U.S. Senators:
Recent studies demonstrating connections between prenatal and postnatal exposure to pesticides and severe consequences for health underscore the unnecessary dangers of agriculture that relies on toxic pesticides. Besides leukemia and other cancers, exposure to pesticides leads to greater risk of asthma, ADHD, reproductive hormone production, cardiometabolic disorders, and suppression of the immune system, among other problems. These outcomes are unnecessary, since organic agriculture can produce any product produced by chemical-intensive agriculture. The Farm Bill must not be used to prop up the chemical industry but instead support organic agriculture. 

The GOP Farm Bill passed out of the U.S. House Agriculture Committee on March 5 overturns core safeguards that are critical to the health of farmers, consumers and the environment—judicial review of chemical manufacturers’ failure to warn about pesticide hazards, the democratic right of local governments in coordination with states to protect residents from pesticide use, and national and local site-specific regulatory action to ensure the safety of air, water, land, and food from pesticides. Overall, the Committee bill increases dependency on petrochemical fertilizers, ignores hunger (despite a historically large $187 billion cut to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program/SNAP), dismisses the notion of a fair, responsible, and accessible family farm safety net, and rolls back successful conservation investments. Subtitle C of Title X, entitled Regulatory Reform, is a sweeping set of exemptions, waivers, and revocations undermining 50 years of laws adopted by Congress to protect farmers, consumers, and the environment: 

*Section 10201 permanently excludes dozens of hazardous chemicals used in industrial agriculture, including some genetically engineered “plant incorporated protectants” (pesticide incorporated plants), from human health and environmental safety reviews. 

*Section 10202 weakens and delays efforts to protect children, farmworkers, and public health, from dangerous pesticides by giving unprecedented authority to the USDA’s Office of Pest Management Policy to review and potentially veto safeguards determined to be necessary by EPA. 

*Section 10203 undermines the integrity of the Endangered Species Act in an unprecedented manner by delaying protections and weakening conservation measures for endangered species against dangerous pesticides.  

*Section 10204 delays the review of hundreds of pesticides for harms to human health, endangered wildlife, and endocrine disruption until 2031. 

*Section 10205 immunizes pesticide companies from their duty to warn the public about dangerous chemicals in their pesticide formulations, potentially eliminating access to courts for thousands of individuals with cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and other health issues scientifically linked to pesticide exposure. 

*Section 10206 eliminates the six-decade-old authority of state and local governments to implement additional local and state-focused restrictions on the use of dangerous pesticides. 

*Section 10207 erases important, long-standing safeguards to protect people and wildlife from pesticide pollution discharged directly into waterways through the Clean Water Act Pesticide General Permit, while broad language would exempt pesticide reviews from the Endangered Species Act, Clean Air Act, and other bedrock environmental laws. 

Please reject this fundamentally flawed Farm Bill and vote for a one-year extension of current law, while Congress gets serious about protecting health and the environment. 

Thank you. 

(Beyond Pesticides, April 10, 2026) An important study not previously covered in Daily News, “Use of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)-Containing Food Products in Children,” raises serious concerns about children’s dietary exposure to pesticides, particularly the weed killer glyphosate, that are heavily used in the production of genetically engineered crops. Published in Pediatrics by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the lead authors Steven A. Abrams, MD, FAAP, Jaclyn Lewis Albin, MD, FAAP, and Philip J. Landrigan, MD, FAAP call attention to the widespread use of genetic engineering (GE) and GMOs in the U.S. food supply and the subsequent health risks for children and consumers.

The authors, in collaboration with the Committee on Nutrition, Council on Environmental Health and Climate Change Executive Committee, and additional medical professionals and researchers, also maintain that pediatricians have the opportunity to provide education and “lead conversations with families about the health impact of certain foods, provide nutritional guidance, and help filter the overwhelming volume of information.” By supporting parents in making informed nutrition choices, pediatricians can help shape decisions that impact the long-term health of children and advocate for choosing organic certified products.

As the authors state: “Although GMO technology could be used to increase the micronutrient content of foods, this does not occur in the United States; instead, GMO technology has been used to make crops resistant to chemical herbicides. As a result, herbicide use has increased exponentially.” Glyphosate, as a herbicide widely used with these crops, has measurable quantities detected in food products and is listed as a probable human carcinogen by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Agency on Research for Cancer (IARC).

“In this report, key issues related to GMO-containing foods are reviewed and information about the health benefits and risks that may be associated with their use is provided,” the doctors state. They continue: “The report focuses on foods marketed in the United States but also includes some discussion of global issues. Current controversies regarding GMO labeling are discussed, and an overview of the risks associated with the use of herbicides to produce GMO corn, soy, alfalfa, and other crops is provided.”

Background

As the clinical report points out, choosing the best food options for children “has become increasingly complicated as parents navigate time and cost barriers, concerns about food allergy and sensitivity, questions about organic food and food sourcing, and the potential health effects of genetic modification of food.” The labeling on packaged foods is also a concern, as labels are often complex and can contain confusing and misleading terminology or symbols. Under the 2016 National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Law and the subsequent National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (BE Standard), USDA calls GMO food “bioengineered” or “derived from bioengineering,” and the graphic is a sun over a plant and an agricultural field. The law requires that GMO food be labeled with this graphic.

Five percent of bioengineered ingredients not purposefully introduced are allowed in a food product without being designated on the label. Additional items, such as those containing meat and dairy products produced by animals that are fed bioengineered products, do not require disclosure on the labels. (See here.) It should be noted that foods labeled USDA certified organic, under the Organic Foods Production Act, are not permitted to be produced with GMOs. Many producers of non-GMO products—mostly of products that are not organic—use “non-GMO” or “GMO-free” label language.

Food safety advocates have raised concerns about the use of the term “bioengineered” instead of “genetically engineered,” the more commonly understood term, and the use of a graphic or symbol that is misleading. The term GMO “refers to foods (or other products) designed through genetic engineering, a process that introduces a desired trait into the product by inserting novel DNA from a separate organism.”

This report addresses the concerns that many families have regarding “the safety of GMO-containing foods, especially regarding the possible effects of the herbicides used in large quantities in their production.” (See here, here, and here.) These concerns also include “uncertainty about the presence of GMO in foods that are ultra-processed or have multiple components, which increases the likelihood of GMO ingredients.” (See here and here.) As the vast majority of soybean and corn crops grown today are genetically modified, and GMO ingredients are found in most ultraprocessed foods sold in the U.S., all parents and consumers need to be aware of the risks or uncertainties associated with the foods they choose for their families.

History of GE and GMO Foods

“The use of genetic engineering to produce GMO food crops builds on the ancient agricultural practice of selective breeding,” the authors say. “However, unlike selective breeding, genetic engineering vastly expands the range of genetic traits that can be moved into plants as well as the speed of their introduction.” Unfortunately, this alteration of genes for pesticidal purposes to establish a chemical tolerance within crops also comes with issues of resistance and an increase in the use of pesticides that leave residues on food commodities, threatening both public health and the environment.

GE food crops that have tolerance to herbicides were first introduced in the 1990s. The first GMO produce available was tomatoes, but they were “removed from the market in 1997 and are no longer produced in the United States.” The authors continue: “However, additional GMO produce items followed throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, including the now ubiquitous GMO corn, soybeans, canola, and sugar beets. In the United States, the most commonly grown GMO food crops are corn and soybeans resistant to the herbicide glyphosate (Roundup).” (See here and here.)

These GMO ingredients are found ubiquitously in animal feed and ultraprocessed foods, as “many GMO ingredients derived from corn and soybean grain are also found in processed food products, including those made with processed cornstarch, soybean-based oils, and high-fructose corn syrup.” Interestingly, in the U.S., there is a short list of permitted GMO food crops. At the time of the article’s publication in 2023, there were 10 crops on the list. Today, it has expanded to 14. While this still seems like a low quantity of commodity types, these crops are used widely within the food supply.

Threats to Human Health

As Beyond Pesticides has extensively covered, children face disproportionate risks compared to adults with pesticide exposure. Their small size and developing organ systems, propensity to crawl and play near the ground, tendency for frequent hand-to-mouth motion, and greater intake of air and food relative to body weight make them particularly susceptible. Many of these increased risks start before a child is born and extend into the first few years of life, leading to deleterious lifelong impacts. The hazards borne by children in these “windows of vulnerability” can increase health risks ranging from birth defects to cancer. (See more here and here.)

“Currently, more than 90% of soybean and corn crops in the United States contain herbicide resistance and/or insect resistance genes, and these traits have also been genetically engineered in canola, alfalfa, cotton, and sugar beet crops,” the current study authors state. They continue: “Herbicide-tolerant GMO seeds and herbicides are typically sold in tandem… An unfortunate consequence of the increasingly heavy use of herbicides late in the growing season on herbicide-tolerant corn and soybeans is that measurable quantities of glyphosate and other herbicides, termed ‘residues,’ remain present in GMO grains at harvest. As a result, glyphosate residues have been detected with increasing frequency in recent years in foods commonly consumed by children, as well as in drinking water.” (See research here, here, and here.)

Residues of not only glyphosate but also other herbicides are detected in corn silage and animal feeds that are made from herbicide-tolerant crops, increasing the risk of contamination of meat and dairy products. Another product of concern is infant formula, as “most contain some amount of corn syrup, soy, or other products that may be made from GMO components.” As the authors say, “The presence of glyphosate and other toxic herbicides in food products is the main hazard to children’s health associated with the consumption of GMO-based foods.”

Another major consideration in the repeated widespread and intensive use of herbicides like glyphosate is the development of resistant weeds. “More than 250 weed species in 70 countries are now known to be resistant to at least 1 herbicide, including at least 48 species resistant to glyphosate,” the researchers note. They continue, “In the United States, glyphosate-resistant weeds are found today on over 200 million acres, and many fields harbor 2 or more resistant weeds.” (See here.)

This leads to the perpetuation of the pesticide treadmill. “As more weeds survived heavier applications of glyphosate-based herbicides, farmers turned to treating crops with multiple other herbicides,” the doctors write. “A likely consequence of the use of multiple herbicides on GMO food crops is that residues of these multiple chemicals will be detected in crops at harvest and in food products made from these crops, thus further increasing cumulative risk of human exposure.” This can increase the overall body burden (accumulation of chemicals in the body) that individuals experience. (See more information in the Body Burden section of the Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database.)

The Organic Solution

As the authors point out, “The distinction between foods labeled as not containing GMO ingredients versus foods labeled as bioengineered or USDA organic is likely to create confusion for many consumers.” (See here and here.) To avoid these issues, choosing organic certified food is the best way to protect the health of both children and adults. Products bearing the USDA Organic Label meet the requirements of the National Organic Program (NOP) Final Rule, the national standards for the production, handling, processing, and labeling of organically grown food in the United States.

Organic food (whether you buy it or grow it yourself) has proven health and environmental benefits. As shared in Daily News, adopting a fully organic diet can reduce pesticide levels in urine within just two weeks “by an average of 98.6%” and facilitate faster DNA damage repair relative to a diet of food grown with chemical-intensive practices, according to findings from a randomized clinical trial published in Nutrire. Additional research published in Environmental Health Perspectives finds urinary levels of glyphosate significantly decrease through an organic diet for pregnant individuals, and a previous study published in Environmental Research finds that glyphosate levels can be reduced by up to 70% after just one week into a fully organic diet.

Visit Eating with a Conscience for information on choosing organic food to protect health and the environment, and learn more about the national organic standards and subsequent labeling requirements with Beyond Pesticides’ National Organic Standards resource page.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:

Abrams, S. et al. (2023) Use of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)-Containing Food Products in Children, Pediatrics. Available at: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/153/1/e2023064774/196193/Use-of-Genetically-Modified-Organism-GMO.

(Beyond Pesticides, April 9, 2026) “The routine use of common pesticides in agriculture is no longer an ethically viable option for sustainable food production,” according to a new review in Reproduction & Fertility by livestock researcher Whitney Payne, Ph.D. candidate, and Kelsey R. Pool, PhD, of the School of Agriculture and Environment at The University of Western Australia. They base their position on the endocrine-disrupting qualities of many pesticides.

The authors describe endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) as “an inescapable feature of modern life” and note that the “farming systems sit at the intersection of animal health, environmental integrity, and food production.” The review stresses the risks that EDCs pose to livestock, which are seriously understudied.  

EDCs are introduced to cattle, sheep, chickens, goats, and other mammals via pesticides, plastics, and hormone treatments. Since humans consume livestock, the effects of EDCs on animals are not confined to animals themselves. Animal production systems illustrate how EDCs “can enter diverse food chains and ecosystems from a single source,” the authors write, being introduced by humans for one purpose and returning to affect livestock and humans indirectly through their long-term effects and breakdown products. While regulatory systems typically consider direct and indirect exposure pathways in humans and livestock, the fates of secondary and tertiary metabolites in livestock and the broader ecosystem are barely comprehended.

The review considers the endocrine-disrupting processes of insecticides and herbicides. These chemicals do not remain in their original applied form in the environment or even in the crop or animal receiving them. They affect invertebrates and other vertebrates in the environment, where they are degraded by organismal metabolism, microbial action, and sunlight, with the resulting chemical compounds possibly more potent and persistent than the original chemical.

Livestock are affected both by pesticides directly applied topically or in feed, but grazing livestock also encounter exposures through water and the atmosphere. They may eat plants that have been treated with pesticides or have absorbed them from soils and water. Some pesticides bioaccumulate in animals’ fatty tissues.

This becomes a problem for ensuing levels of consumption, as fatty tissues are mobilized during reproduction and development, and the pesticides contained in them can be transferred to offspring. “This can occur in wildlife, livestock, and humans alike, highlighting the vulnerability and broad impact EDCs can have across species,” the authors write. They cite a 2022 study of cattle and sheep feed comparing the maximum allowable pesticide residue levels for human and animal dietary intake in both European Union and non-EU countries with residues in animal feeds. That study also stressed that the allowed levels for lipophilic pesticides were significantly higher than they should be given their “relatively high toxicity and biotransfer factors.”

While the fearsome and broad toxicity of insecticides can no longer be ignored, herbicides have had the reputation as being far less risky than insecticides for humans because most of them target mechanisms like photosynthesis and amino acid formation. This was the case with glyphosate, which was ushered through EPA registration on the erroneous assumption that the plant metabolic pathway it affects was irrelevant to animals. But there is now significant evidence that many herbicides, such as glyphosate and atrazine, can disrupt hormones and trigger oxidative stress.

Importantly, both herbicides and insecticides can be highly persistent in the environment, particularly soils. The herbicide paraquat, the authors note, has a seven-year half-life in soil. The herbicide atrazine and neonicotinoid thiacloprid have half-lives of a year. Even pesticides with a relatively short half-life, like glyphosate (about 42 days in both soil and water) and permethrin (just over a month in soil) can do plenty of damage at the molecular level; even if a chemical has a short half-life in the environment or inside a plant or animal, it can do damage at the molecular level while it is there, particularly if it is continually reintroduced.

The review cites the limited research showing that pesticides affect livestock reproduction. For example, pre-pubescent female sheep exposed orally to 1 mg/kg/day of glyphosate had fewer eggs in their ovaries. A laboratory study of cattle tissues found that 1 ppm of Roundup disrupted sperm motility and embryo development. The authors suggest that in both grazing environments and feedlots, “chronic glyphosate exposure” may result in impaired fertility both by reduced quality of sperm and eggs and early failure of embryos, thus affecting overall fertility.

Research on carbamates and organophosphates also indicates reproductive harms for livestock. Laboratory studies of bovine cervical tissue show that a carbamate derivative disrupted oxytocin signaling, progesterone secretion, and cervical contractions at a concentration of 1 nanogram per milliliter, a level far lower than rodent studies indicated would affect reproductive function. Goat testes in tissue culture that were directly exposed to organophosphates downregulated genes important in spermatogenesis. Pig eggs and sperm exposed to organophosphates produced reactive oxygen species, which can derail the formation of a blastocyst, the earliest phase of embryo development.

Other pesticides have been even less studied in livestock, but there is evidence that neonicotinoids, triazines and pyrethroids all have reproductive effects that can be expected to disrupt the hormone systems of farm animals. Neonicotinoids are EDCs and promote oxidative stress. Limited studies indicate they harm sperm production and function at exposures livestock are likely to encounter on farms. Atrazine, a notorious chlorinated triazine herbicide, changes the processes that synthesize follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and estradiol. It also increases oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands, which have downstream effects on reproduction.

Pyrethroid insecticides typify a serious and understudied problem, according to the authors: research and regulatory testing have not adequately distinguished between the effects of a parent compound and its second- and third-level metabolites. Pyrethroids mimic thyroid hormones and change reproductive hormone receptors on cells. While they metabolize quickly in mammals, they also accumulate in fats, and, ominously, two pyrethroid metabolites, 3-PBA and DCCA, are 100 times and a thousand times more potent than the parent compound, respectively. These metabolites are associated with degraded sperm quality in humans when detected in urine. The authors point out that pyrethroid metabolites have not yet been detected in the meat of farm animals, likely due to their relatively rapid metabolism in mammals, but this does not mean they have not left damaging effects or harmed the health of the animals themselves.

An important aspect of their analysis is that many pesticides are considered neurotoxicants, but their endocrine-disrupting power is obscured. Organochlorines, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, carbamates, and pyrethroids all cripple insects’ neurological systems. Piperonyl butoxide, a common additive to pesticides in these groups, prevents insects from breaking down insecticides.

The authors’ analysis of acetylcholine demonstrates the problem with the siloing of assumptions about pesticides’ molecular behavior. Acetylcholine is common to every domain of life, including microbes, plants, animals, and fungi. In humans, it is a vital neurotransmitter. Many pesticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is why they are considered likely causes of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Thus, the pesticides that affect acetylcholine pathways have been considered mainly as neurotoxicants. But acetylcholine is also known to affect reproduction in mammals; it is involved in sperm motility, fertilization, oocyte maturation, and cell differentiation in embryos, and its inhibition produces altered expression of receptors for steroid hormones such as estrogen.

It is an enduring mystery why pesticide manufacturers could assume that compounds affecting such basic processes conserved across whole swaths of the web of life would harm only those organisms humans consider pests. The chemistry and architecture of neurons are very similar in anything that has neurons. As the authors more temperately write, “Their limited species-specificity and potential to cause widespread environmental harm should remain key considerations in insecticide use.”

Taken together, the evidence presented in this review underscores the importance of eliminating pesticides in agriculture. The authors suggest that further study of their effects on reproduction would be an effective way to comprehend pesticides’ overall sublethal effects, which are, after all, likely more consequential than their acute effects. Further, it is not as if a pesticide is applied just once to one species and its influence stops there—the pesticide model is like a boomerang, a circular threat that returns repeatedly to harm human and animal health.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Sources:

Ecological and reproductive consequences of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in agricultural systems
Payne & Pool
Reproduction & Fertility 2026
https://raf.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/raf/7/1/RAF-25-0178.xml

Associations Between Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Exposure and Fertility Outcomes: A Decade of Human Epidemiological Evidence
Tzouma et al
Life 2025
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/7/993

Framework for defining pesticide maximum residue levels in feed: applications to cattle and sheep
Li & Fantke
Pest Management Science 2022
https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.7241

Pesticide Exposure Again Linked to Neurotoxic Effects in Humans and Wildlife in Comprehensive Review
Beyond Pesticides, March 12, 2026
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/category/chemicals/carbamates/

Study Reinforces Importance of Biodiversity in Agriculture and Ecosystem Health
Beyond Pesticides, November 6th, 2024
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2025/01/public-urged-to-tell-epa-that-it-is-time-to-stop-killing-biodiversity-with-the-weed-killer-atrazine/

Reinforcing Scientific Findings, Insecticide Permethrin Alters Gut Microbiome, Causing Obesity
Beyond Pesticides, September 5, 2025
https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2025/09/reinforcing-scientific-findings-insecticide permethrin-found-to-alter-gut-microbiome-causing-obesity/

(Beyond Pesticides, April 8, 2026) Researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed pesticide and PFAS (per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances) contamination in ten agricultural streams in the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys (Central Valley) in 2024, detecting 60 pesticides, synergists, and associated transformation products, including 12 fluorinated pesticides (Dithiopyr, Trifluralin, Fluridone, Oxyfluorfen, Penoxsulam, Flubendiamide, Bifenthrin, Flonicam, Indoxacarb, Cyhalothrin, Fluopyram, and Penthiopyrad) that meet the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) definition of qualifying as PFAS. It is alarming to learn that “the OECD fluorinated pesticides were generally detected more frequently and at higher concentrations” relative to the 48 other compounds. 

Relatedly, research finds products containing three of the detected pesticides (Methoxyfenozide, Imidacloprid, and Piperonyl Butoxide) associated with various PFAS, and according to the authors, there are a handful of active ingredients, such as the insecticide Methoxyfenozide and the fungicide Azoxystrobin, detected in 100 percent of collected samples. Their entire findings were published in Environmental Science & Technology Letters in March 2026.

This research is critical to our understanding of the pervasiveness and ubiquity of multi-chemical pollution that impacts one of the most productive agricultural regions in the country. The regions encompassing these two valleys make up just one percent of total U.S. farmland, yet produce eight percent of total agricultural production by output, including 4 in 10 of the country’s fruits and nuts, according to USGS. Unfortunately, the chemical-intensive status quo has led to significant evidence of off-target pesticide drift into community members’ households and schoolyards, emphasizing the dangers of bioaccumulation from resulting acute and chronic exposure to local communities and ecosystems, not to mention the downstream effects of residues that are spread in the supply chain across the U.S. and the globe. In this context, organically managed systems, as defined by the Organic Foods Production Act, have created a blueprint for least- and non-toxic pest management systems that ban the spread of toxic inputs (synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, PFAS, biosolid sewage sludge, and antibiotics and animal growth hormones for livestock).  

Methodology and Results 
“The objective of this study was to evaluate pesticide applications as a source of PFAS in streams draining agricultural regions in California: San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley,” says the USGS researchers. They continue: “Sites across the San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley were sampled for 183 pesticides and pesticide transformation products (TPs) and 57 individual PFAS.”  

Ten sites were selected across the Central Valley, with water samples gathered in May and July 2024. The sites were chosen based on two criteria: “minimal nonagricultural influences” to otherwise explain the source(s) of contamination and substantial levels of the pesticide product Intrepid 2F (methoxyfenozide), citing previous research finding “the presence of perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS)” in the formulation. The most recent pesticide data is from peak applications in 2021, collected by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), operating on the assumption “that 2022 pesticide use data (the most recent year available) are representative of the 2024 pesticide data.” A range of agricultural products (alfalfa, rice, tomatoes, nuts, etc.) are grown on the sites, information that assisted in determining relevant pesticides to test for.  

There was no rain to impact pesticide residue data gathered in this study across both valleys in the days leading up to water sample collection in July 2024, with San Joaquin Valley experiencing less than 2.5 centimeters of rainfall the day before water testing in May 2024; Sacramento Valley also faced no rainfall in the days leading up to the May 2024 sample gathering. Researchers used various techniques to isolate and determine individual compounds (pesticides, PFAS, etc.), involving liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS). Across the ten sites (creeks and streams), summary data were developed, including “total PFAS concentration, total pesticide concentration, total OECD fluorinated pesticide concentration, PFAS counts, pesticide counts, and pesticide use (kg) normalized by watershed area (km2).” 

There are some additional notable findings from this study, including site-specific findings: 

• Mustang Creek was expected to face higher concentration of OECD and non-OECD PFAS pesticides since the area faces the highest quantity of pesticides per acre and also boasts the most cropland compared to the ten other creeks. It is important to note that almond orchards are located near the site, which the authors tentatively attribute to higher concentrations of residues in May; 

• PFOA and PFOS were detected in 60 percent and 35 percent of all water samples, respectively, with the remaining 11 PFAS having fewer than 3 detections each; 

• Orestimba Creek had the highest PFAS concentration in May, with researchers attributing the PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid related to PFAS) levels to some combination of fluorinated pesticide containers and pesticides sprayed on nut crops in the spring, the latter explanation plausible given the timing of the spring season application. 

• Researchers highlight that PFAS contributions could also be explained through “the degradation of certain fluorinated pesticides and other organofluorine compounds to the ultrashort PFAS trifluoroacetate (TFA).” (See studies here and here for further details.) They continue: “Measurements and analyses of TFA and total organic fluorine (TOF) would likely yield a more complete assessment of pesticide applications as a PFAS source but were outside the scope of this study.” 

• Only 57 of potentially thousands of PFAS chemicals were targeted due to the scope of the study. “Lasee et al. measured PFAS in insecticide formulations pre- and post-oxidation, with PFAS concentrations increasing post-oxidation,” the authors state. They continue: “This suggests that pesticide formulations contain unmeasured PFAS that could oxidize to PFCAs and PFSAs.” 

The following pesticide-related compounds were detected at least once across the samples:  

• Insecticides: Methoxyfenozide, Chlorantraniliprole, Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Carbaryl, Etoxazole, Flubendiamide, Acetamiprid, Bifenthrin, Cyantraniliprole, Flonicamid, Flupyradifurone, Cyhalothrin, Diazinon, Indoxacarb, Tebufenozide, and Thiamethoxam degradate; 

• Herbicides: Diuron, DCPMU [Diuron metabolite], Metolachlor, 3,4-Dichloroaniline [building block for synthesis of herbicide active ingredients], Pendimethalin, Hexazinone, Atrazine Desiopropyl [transformation product], Clomazone, Bentazon, DCPU [Diuron metabolite], Dithiopyr, Simazine, Indaziflam, Trifluralin, Atrazine Desethyl [transformation product], Fluridone, Thiobencarb, Oxyfluorfen, Penoxsulam, Propanil,  Atrazine, Benziobicylon, and Propyzamide;

• Fungicides: Azoxystrobin, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, Carbendazim, Fluopyram, Fluxapyroxad, Boscalid, Metconazole, Myclobutanil, Penthiopyrad, Pydiflumetofen, Difenoconazole, Metalaxyl, Pyrimethanil, Cyprodinil, Flutriafol, Pyraclostrobin, and Tebuconazole t-Butylhydroxy; and,

• The pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide. 

Previous Coverage 
For decades, Beyond Pesticides has continuously tracked the emergence of peer-reviewed science, research efforts, and policy and regulatory updates to inform the public, advocates, and decision makers on the dangers of synthetic agrichemicals and the transition to alternative pest management systems, including organic standards. 

In the United States context, there is significant research continuing from data gathered in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) prospective study of cancer and other health outcomes in a cohort of licensed pesticide applicators and their spouses from Iowa and North Carolina. Between 1993 and 1997, with follow-up between 1999 and 2021, AHS tracks occupational and nonoccupational exposure and subsequent health effects from pesticide exposure. A recent study, published in Environmental Advances in partnership with Yale University associate professor of epidemiology Nicole Deziel, PhD, MHS, reexamines a quantitative analysis on nontarget, “active-ingredient-specific” exposure to pesticides from multiple pathways—applying new criteria to AHS spousal exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide atrazine. The three pesticide exposure pathways include take-home, agricultural drift, and residential use. (See Daily News here.) In another study focused on birth outcomes in Arizona (Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology), researchers find that preconception and prenatal exposure to certain carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids increases the risk of lower Apgar scores, a metric used to assess neonatal health at one minute and five minutes after birth. The results reveal that exposure to “several pesticide active ingredients at any point during preconception and/or pregnancy were associated with increased odds of low Apgar scores: the carbamates carbaryl and formetanate hydrochloride; the organophosphates diazinon and tribufos; and the pyrethroid cypermethrin.” (See Daily News here.)  

Additionally, the data in the annual U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) pesticide residue report, released earlier this year, continues to show a pattern of pesticide residues in the majority of food tested by USDA. In terms of the 76 samples that exceeded tolerances, those samples include one sample of avocados, 22 samples of fresh blackberries, eight samples of cherry tomatoes, five samples of cucumbers, three samples of fresh sweet corn, and 37 samples of tomatillos. For the avocado sample it was deltamethrin; for the fresh blackberries it was nine samples with acephate, six samples with cyhalothrin, and eight samples with cypermethrin; for cherry tomatoes it was two samples with acephate, one sample with captan, two samples with flonicamid, and four samples with Tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI); for the cucumbers it was one sample with cyazofamid, two samples with etoxazole, one sample with methomyl, and one sample with myclobutanil; for sweet corn it was two samples with Deltamethrin and one sample with permethrin; for tomatillos it was 36 samples of acephate that exceed tolerance thresholds. (See Daily News here.) 

There is also significant research outside the U.S. context that demonstrates the pervasiveness of pesticide pollution and associated impacts on our bodies and planet. Researchers at the University of Caxias do Sul (Brazil) identify 29 peer-reviewed scientific studies with statistically significant findings that tie pesticide use to cancer diagnoses. The literature review is published in Saúde Debate. This collection of clinical trials, as well as epidemiologic, case-control, and experimental studies—from the United States, Brazil, India, France, Egypt, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Italy, and Spain—add to the hundreds of peer-reviewed independent analyses connecting synthetic chemical dependency in food production and land management with mounting public health concerns. (See Daily News here.) A cohort of over 300 citizen scientists gathered data for a study published last year in Science of The Total Environment reporting widespread pesticide contamination collected from beehive monitoring across the European Union (EU). Among many concerning findings, the researchers concluded that, “There was no sample site where there was no pesticide occurrence over the complete sampling period.” (See Daily News here.) 

Call to Action 
Beyond Pesticides recommends choosing certified organic produce whenever possible—since pesticides cited in this study and virtually all synthetic pesticides are not allowed in organic food production. Through the Eating with a Conscience database, you can select from over 90 different common produce and veggies you regularly consume and learn about the organic difference from their conventional, chemical-intensive counterparts. 

Additionally, you can sign up for Action of the Week and Weekly News Update to stay notified on ways you can take action to expand public investments and programs that expand organic land management, in agricultural contexts and on public green spaces, parks, and playing fields, to move beyond a reliance on synthetic materials. See ManageSafe^TM for addressing pest prevention and management for land and buildings. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Source: Environmental Science & Technology Letters