(Beyond Pesticides, September 17, 2020) The apparel industry becomes the latest contributor to global biodiversity loss, directly linking soil degradation, natural ecosystems destruction, and environmental pollution with apparel supply chains, according to the report, “Biodiversity: The next frontier in sustainable fashion,” by McKinsey & Company. Although there are many studies on the fashion industry’s impact on climate change, much less research discusses the impact the industry has on biodiversity. The globe is currently going through the Holocene Extinction, Earth’s 6th mass extinction, with one million species of plants and animals at risk of extinction. With the increasing rate of biodiversity loss, advocates say it is essential for government agencies to hold the fashion industry accountable for the direct (i.e., excessive agrochemical use, water consumption) and indirect (i.e., water pollution from run-off) impacts on the environment, not only to protect the well-being of animals, but humans, as well. Researchers in the study note, “We expect biodiversity to become an even greater concern for consumers and investors in the coming years. Covid-19, instead of slowing the trend, has accelerated it—perhaps because people now understand more deeply that human and animal ecosystems are interdependent. It’s time for the apparel industry, which to date has contributed heavily to biodiversity loss, to now make bold moves in the opposite direction.”

People now, more than ever, are changing their sentiment toward sustainability, with two-thirds of consumers stating the importance of limiting climate change impacts, and 88 percent maintaining that more attention should be given to pollution reduction. Although apparel companies are cognizant of climate change, initiating numerous projects for carbon neutrality, the relationship between climate change and biodiversity—a “distinct but related issue”— is less apparent in the apparel industry. Climate change and biodiversity loss are interdependent, and an adverse impact on one can bolster an adverse effect on the other. Biodiversity is intricate and affects all environmental ecosystems—from oceans and freshwater to forests and soils; it encompasses all life forms on earth. Furthermore, without biodiversity, global reliance on food, energy production, clean water, fertile soil, sustained air quality, and climate regulations will suffer. Researchers remark, “Through our analysis of quantitative impact indicators as well as industry-expert interviews, we have developed a good understanding of how each part of the apparel value chain affects biodiversity.”

To determine how the apparel industry contributes to biodiversity loss, researchers examined each stage of the apparel supply chain, including raw material production, material preparation and processing, production manufacturing, transportation and distribution, retailing, product-use life, and end-use. Researchers assess the negative impacts that each stage of the apparel supply chain has on biodiversity, analyzing land and water use patterns, chemical pollution, waste production, and energy consumption. Additionally, researchers developed a “biodiversity impact area” map using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to determine the severity (high, medium, low) of impact on biodiversity from each apparel chain sector on land and water use, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation.

The results of the report identify the apparel sector’s five largest contributors to biodiversity loss in order of overall value added to the apparel industry: cotton agriculture, wood-based natural fibers/synthetic manmade cellulose fibers (MMCFs), textile dyeing and treatment, microplastics, and waste. All five contributors come from three stages in the apparel sector: raw-material production, material preparation and processing, and end-use. Raw material and production have the highest levels of land, water, and energy use, with chemical pollution following close behind. Material preparation and processing have the highest levels of chemical pollution and energy consumption, preceding water use levels. The end-use sector has the most elevated waste levels of all apparel sectors. According to the “biodiversity impact area” map, most of the apparel industry sectors contribute to environmental pollution (i.e., chemical, physical, geological, biological) that impacts species biodiversity.

Many people, including regulators and corporations themselves, are aware of the adverse environmental impacts associated with the apparel industry, including the production of 10% of all global CO2 emissions, approximately 20% of all industrial water pollution, nearly 35% of oceanic microplastic pollution, and massive amounts of textile waste. Despite the environmental impacts, the fashion industry continues to grow and pollute due to the upsurge in “fast fashion,” which relies on cheap product manufacturing, frequent consumption of goods and services, and brief clothing use to meet consumer demands. Nowadays, the amount of material-use in fast fashion is increasing as clothing brands are generating nearly double the amount of clothing than in the early 2000s.

Just as regular apparel production and consumption, fast-apparel production and consumption increase CO2 emissions, uses an enormous amount of water (trillions of liters per year), and produces an immense quantity of textile waste, most of which companies burn or send to landfills/developing countries. Furthermore, the entire apparel manufacturing process uses countless chemicals that are hazardous to consumers, factory workers, and the environment, including chemicals that lead to ailments, like brain cancer. A few examples of chemical hazards also include pesticide use on crops that produce raw material, chemical contamination in soils from pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, and chemical run-off into waterways from textile dyes and microfibers. Additionally, some fabrics treatments involve the infusion of harmful antimicrobial agents, like titanium dioxide or silver nanoparticles (nanosilver), which can seep into a person’s sweat and absorb through the skin. 

The apparel industry’s dependence on natural resources for the production of goods from raw materials demonstrates a need for sustainable practices to mitigate the risks associated with natural resource deficiency, including biodiversity loss. These businesses rely on the benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services, such as pollination of crops and access to clean water for financial and operational success. With the global population increasing rapidly, the subsequent need for apparel will increase and result in significant biodiversity loss if the industry’s supply chain practices remain unsustainable.

Of the largest contributors to biodiversity loss, cotton agriculture, textile dyeing and treatment, microplastics from washing, and pollutants from waste have the highest impact on species biodiversity due to the presence of toxic chemicals, some of which the European Union classifies as hazardous to human health or the environment. According to this report, cotton agriculture is the most vital part of the apparel value chain, as cotton is the most popular, nonsynthetic fiber globally. In addition to being a water-intensive crop, utilizing over 700 gallons of water to make one t-shirt, cotton only grows on 2.4% of farmland worldwide, is one of the most agrochemical intensive crops, applying 22.5% and 10% of the world’s insecticides and all pesticides, respectively. Additionally, chemical pollution from MMCFs manufacturing, which creates fibers from cellulose in wood, can impact soil and water quality in areas of logging and processing, resulting in habitat loss and endangering various species endemic to the region.

Textile dyeing and treatment, as well as microplastics, mainly impact the marine environment, with dyeing and treatment accounting for 25% of all industrial water pollution. Microfibers (a type of microplastic) pollute waterways, with 7.5 million tons of microfibers ending up in the oceans from standard washing (i.e., hand-wash, machine-wash) annually. These microfibers are often synthetic and contain toxic chemicals that poison marine wildlife and accumulate higher up the food chain. Lastly, a majority, 73%, of textile waste ends up in landfills or incinerators, yet, only 12% degrades overtime, and less than 1% gets recycled. Landfill development can account for a loss of nearly 30 to 300 species, and the remaining waste can release pollutants into the surrounding habitat and contribute to habitat loss. The authors of the report conclude, “For the apparel sector to slow broader global biodiversity loss, a radical shift from business, as usual, will be necessary.”

In this report, researchers offer four innovative intervention areas for companies to focus on to reduce the industry’s impact on biodiversity:

1. Scale-up innovative materials and processes
   • There is no perfect material. As discussed, each of the most commonly used materials in the apparel industry—cotton, MMCFs, and synthetics—has a negative impact on biodiversity. But each of these can be made more sustainable. Furthermore, better alternatives do exist and could dramatically improve with more investment and innovation.
2. Take an aggressive stance against waterway pollution.
   • In the absence of effective regulation, waterway pollution from textile dyeing and processing requires a tougher stance from apparel brands.
3. Lead the way in education and empowering consumers.
   • Brands can help further educate consumers about what they can do to minimize the impact of their actions on biodiversity loss. Simple behavioral adjustments and consumption choices can have substantive results. For example, just doing laundry differently—specifically, in the following three ways—can make a big impact: washing in cold water, filtering microfibers, and using water-efficient washing machines. 
4. Relentlessly pursue zero waste.
   • One of the most powerful changes the apparel sector can make in the interest of biodiversity is to simply stop making too many clothes. Average overproduction is estimated around 20 percent. Manufacturers recycle roughly 75 percent of pre-consumer textile waste. But the remaining 25 percent primarily ends up in landfills or is incinerated—without ever having been worn, though some of it may be donated.

Additionally, the authors suggest that companies lead the way in transforming the apparel industry into a more sustainable enterprise:

• Manage for biodiversity like you manage value creation [by] factor[ing] biodiversity impact into financial.
• Shift the model on supplier engagement to…define joint [quantity] standards for suppliers.
• Invest in the broader ecosystem to accelerate and scale innovation [by] team[ing] up with other apparel companies to invest in scaling and industrializing emerging, low-impact technologies, and substitutes for nonsynthetic fibers.
• Push for change in adjacent, relevant industries, [like] agricultural, livestock, and chemical industries, [which] all face similar challenges in addressing their biodiversity footprints.
• Engage with policymakers and welcome meaningful biodiversity regulation.

As the global population reaches eight billion people, the need for apparel will increase along with harmful chemical use, excessive landfill waste, and extensive pollution in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Although recycling used clothing can help alleviate waste management in the apparel industry, the industry still uses harmful chemicals to maintain crop yields  and manufacture/process materials that can have adverse impacts on human, animal, and environmental health.

With the Trump administration dismantling many environmental regulations, including waterway monitoring, it is vital to understand how chemical pollutants from textiles and pesticide use in croplands can increase the risk of biodiversity loss. 

Making sustainable apparel choices can aid in the reduction of biodiversity loss due to the lack of harmful impacts on the environment from chemical, waste, water, and land pollution. Additionally, buying, growing, and supporting organic can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture and the environment. Organic agriculture has many health and environmental benefits, which can eliminate the need for chemical-intensive agricultural practices in the apparel industry. For more information on how organic is the right choice for both consumers and the farmworkers who grow the crops for our clothing, see Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: McKinsey & Company

(Beyond Pesticides, September 16, 2020) Disease carrying mosquitoes are more likely to flourish in areas being altered by human activities, according to new research published by scientists at Oregon State University. With climate change facilitating the spread of mosquitoes into new regions throughout the world, it is critical to understand the drivers of mosquito-borne disease in order to establish effective mitigation measures. “People care a lot about what environment a lion needs to succeed in; we’ve researched that extensively. But people don’t do that with mosquitoes. We don’t understand them as a group of species and how their ecology differs between species,” said study co-author Brianna Beechler, PhD, a disease ecologist and assistant professor of research in Oregon State University’s Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine.

Authors of the study note that most mosquito collection occurs opportunistically, with samples taken at known mosquito breeding sites. To better understand mosquito spatial ecology, scientists conducted paired sampling at locations inside and outside South Africa’s Kruger National Park, the largest nature preserve in the country. Each sample location inside the park was paired with another sample from a similar location (in terms of landscape and climatic conditions) in developing areas outside of the park. Human disturbance was measured by five factors, including (i) pesticide use, (ii) nutrient loading, (iii) human population density, (iv) biomass of grazing animals, and (v) loss of vegetation.

While these factors are all well known hazards for wildlife, researchers determined that disease vector mosquitoes are one important exception. Unsurprisingly, each of these impacts are significantly higher, by orders of magnitude, outside the park than inside. It followed that mosquito abundance outside the part is determined to be an average 2.9 times (ranging between 1.5 and 10 times) greater than paired sites of similar layout inside the national park.

Sheer numbers are merely half the story. Scientists also observed changes in the relative abundance of certain species of mosquitoes. Disease carrying mosquitoe populations are much higher outside of the park than inside, consistently accounting for roughly 80% of the difference in community composition between paired sites.

Although this research took place in South Africa, the authors indicate their findings are broadly applicable. “Given the global extent and intensity of the investigated anthropogenic pressures, these results are likely relevant for a wide array of vector-borne pathogens and provides a mechanism for the association between ecosystem degradation and disease,” the study reads.

In light of the results, certain impacts are more easily explained than others. Pesticide use, for example, can disrupt the trophic food web, killing of mosquito predators. A study published last year found that in the context of incessant pesticide use mosquitoes were able to out-breed predator damselflies. Nutrient loading and eutrophication can likewise result in the die-off of important species of aquatic predators. “It seems to suggest that disease-carrying mosquito species certainly did better in human-altered environments,” Dr. Beechler notes in a press release. The author further indicates that more study is needed to ascertain the ecological conditions that benefit various mosquito species.

This study has critical implications for mosquito management in states and communities throughout America. It underscores the importance of a science-based, ecological mosquito management program that takes local ecology into consideration and places and emphasis on habitat manipulation, a practice that naturally reduces mosquito populations through alterations to the landscape or built environment.

The City of Boulder, Colorado has long led the way in mosquito management, and has recently taken its approach to the next level in a way that appears aligned with the results of the study, and should act as a model for communities throughout the country. In 2019, the city began working with an ecologist to conduct wetland surveys and assess local biodiversity in mosquito breeding habitats. Preliminary results have already found when habitat supports fish populations, mosquito larvae are usually absent. And when damselflies and dragonflies are present, adult mosquitoes are often absent.

A sound approach to mosquito management is science-based and prioritizes preventive measures. These measures include surveillance, monitoring, public education on eliminating breeding sites and personal protective actions, consideration of local ecology, habitat manipulation, and larviciding with biological materials. Any pesticide use should always be considered a last resort. Not only because of the threats these chemicals pose to human health, but as the present study shows, because pesticide use has the potential to shift mosquito species composition toward increased populations of disease carrying mosquitoes. Community leaders must focus what is truly effective for long term health and safety, and resist the propensity to spray toxic pesticides to assuage resident concerns, and make it seem as though something is being done.

If you’re concerned about spraying in your community, begin your education by reading Beyond Pesticides Public Health Mosquito Management Strategy for Decision Makers and Communities. See Beyond Pesticides Mosquito and Insect Borne Diseases program page for additional information. Reach out for additional assistance, and stay tuned for new resources aimed at encouraging safer mosquito management in local communities.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Scientific Reports, Science Daily (press release)

(Beyond Pesticides, September 15, 2020) Both wild and captive primates are being exposed to hazardous pesticides and flame retardants, according to research published this month in the journal Environmental Science and Technology. This is the first study to look at the threat anthropogenic (man-made) chemicals may present for this important order of animals. “We think a lot about habitat disturbance, logging, and hunting as threats to these species, while pollution has been overlooked,” study co-author Michael Wasserman, told Environmental Health News (EHN).

Scientists conducted their research by first obtaining fecal samples from three distinct primate populations: captive baboons from an Indiana zoo, wild howler monkeys from a research station in Costa Rica, and wild chimpanzees, red-tailed monkeys, and red colobus monkeys from a Ugandan national park. Samples were then tested for a range of chemicals, including 50 pesticides, and nearly 70 flame retardants.

Scientists discovered legacy pesticides (such as heptachlor, DDT, hexachlorohexane, chlordane, and related compounds) in every species tested, with the highest levels found in red colobus and red-tailed monkeys. In particular, DDT and its related compounds (DDD and DDE) were found to be widespread, with red colobus monkeys registering a median of 260 ppb DDE in its waste. Current use pesticides were only detected in the feces of primates from the United States and Costa Rica. Over half of these animals have chlorpyrifos pass through their bodies. Baboons in the Indiana sanctuary are the only population exposed to synthetic pyrethroids. Flame retardant exposure is also widespread, with the chemical tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate the most widely detected.

“We were surprised both at the number of chemicals measured in the feces and the levels of some of these chemicals in animals, especially those that are wild,” Marta Venier, PhD, senior author of the study, told EHN.

To elucidate exposure patterns, scientists investigated food sources, air quality, and other ambient environmental factors. Many of the conventional food and commercial feed provided to the captive baboons contained some level of pesticide. And air quality recordings in Uganda appear to correspond with with the chemicals found in primate feces. “[L]evels of some of the chemicals in air were comparable to what we see in Chicago, which was really surprising,” Dr. Venier told EHN. Detections not explained by food or ambient air quality could be related to legacy exposure in surrounding vegetation, or geophagy, the eating of soil, for certain primates.

While no detection was found above minimum risk levels (MRL) set by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the authors write, “MRLs for primates are expected to be different from those of humans used here; these estimates are based on numerous assumptions and simplifications; and MRLs rely on the single chemical approach, while feces revealed that primates are exposed to a complex mixture of chemicals.”

Thus, it is unclear what the health implications are for primates exposed to this mixture of toxic human-made chemicals—though the outlook is not rosy. Scientists are encouraging further research, indicating that the presence of these chemicals in protected areas, “warrants an evaluation of the possible biological effects resulting from exposure and a consideration of how exposure and susceptibility should influence conservation planning.”

In the mid-2010s, scientists discovered that roughly 1 in 10 chimpanzees in a Ugandan wildlife preserve (located nearby the current study) exhibited dysplasia and facial deformities. Although studies are ongoing, many are linking this phenomenon to the use chlorpyrifos and other insecticides in nearby farms. Although data on pesticide impacts to primates is scarce, research conducted on their marsupial cousins finds that pesticide exposure does have the potential to cause adverse effects in the wild. An Australian study published earlier this year found that the herbicide atrazine can impede the reproductive success of exposed wallabies.

While specific effects on more complex species such as humans and other primates are often difficult to ascertain, it is clear that human production and release of hazardous chemicals into the environment is having significant effects on wildlife. Most concerning, these impacts start at the bottom of the food chain, with massive insect die-offs, and are now collapsing the populations of higher trophic species like birds.

It is not too late to take action against toxic pesticides, begin to reverse declines, and improve humanity’s relationship with the natural world. Learn more about the damage pesticides cause to wildlife on Beyond Pesticides program page, and get active in your community to encourage safer methods of managing land and growing food.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Environmental Health News, Environmental Science and Technology

(Beyond Pesticides, September 14, 2020) As Congress returns to Washington this week, it is overdue to pass critical pandemic aid for families and communities, including helping small and mid-scale farms and ranches, farmers markets, and local food businesses address the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Local and Regional Farmer and Market Support Act (H.R. 8096), introduced by Rep. Alma Adams of North Carolina, will help meet the needs of farmers who have been left out. Please urge your Congressional Representative co-sponsor this bill.

While farmers struggle to feed their communities during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, many have not received support for critical safety and technology needs. Billions in federal aid through the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP) has gone out, but failed to reach all farmers—particularly direct marketing farmers and ranchers, diversified farmers, and folks who are Black, Indigenous, and people of color. Local and regional food enterprises have worked to supply food through farmers markets, food hubs, CSAs, and more, but have not received the support given to larger enterprises.

Tell Congress to Help Farmers of Color and Small and Medium-Sized Farms Selling in Local Food Markets.

The Local and Regional Farmer and Market Support Act:

• Creates an alternative coronavirus relief payment program for farmers who sell in local and regional markets based on their historic revenue, rather than price loss;
• Provides emergency response grants for farmers markets and local food enterprises to implement public health protections and coronavirus-smart marketing practices;
• Provides emergency response grants to direct marketing farmers to help them respond to shifting markets and adopt new socially distant practices and sales models;
• Supports equity and ensure access to these grants and relief payments by prioritizing assistance to Black, Indigenous, and people of color farmers and minority-owned farmers markets and local-food enterprises; and
• Provides robust outreach and technical assistance to Black, Indigenous, and people of color farmers and ranchers.

This bill will help farmers stay in business and keep feeding their communities, ensure equitable access to aid, and support our responsive, resilient local food supply chains. Ultimately, it will create a more resilient farm and food system for the long haul toward recovery. 

>>Tell Congress to Help Farmers of Color and Small and Medium-Sized Farms Selling in Local Food Markets.

As Congress returns to Washington this week, it is overdue to pass critical pandemic aid for families and communities, including helping small and mid-scale farms and ranches, farmers markets, and local food businesses address the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Local and Regional Farmer and Market Support Act (H.R. 8096), introduced by Rep. Alma Adams of North Carolina, will help meet the needs of farmers who have been left out. Please urge your Congressional Representative co-sponsor this bill.

While farmers struggle to feed their communities during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, many have not received support for critical safety and technology needs. Billions in federal aid through the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP) has gone out, but failed to reach all farmers—particularly direct marketing farmers and ranchers, diversified farmers, and folks who are Black, Indigenous, and people of color. Local and regional food enterprises have worked to supply food through farmers markets, food hubs, CSAs, and more, but have not received the support given to larger enterprises.

Tell Congress to Help Farmers of Color and Small and Medium-Sized Farms Selling in Local Food Markets.

The Local and Regional Farmer and Market Support Act:

• Creates an alternative coronavirus relief payment program for farmers who sell in local and regional markets based on their historic revenue, rather than price loss;
• Provides emergency response grants for farmers markets and local food enterprises to implement public health protections and coronavirus-smart marketing practices;
• Provides emergency response grants to direct marketing farmers to help them respond to shifting markets and adopt new socially distant practices and sales models;
• Supports equity and ensure access to these grants and relief payments by prioritizing assistance to Black, Indigenous, and people of color farmers and minority-owned farmers markets and local-food enterprises; and
• Provides robust outreach and technical assistance to Black, Indigenous, and people of color farmers and ranchers.

This bill will help farmers stay in business and keep feeding their communities, ensure equitable access to aid, and support our responsive, resilient local food supply chains. Ultimately, it will create a more resilient farm and food system for the long haul toward recovery. 

Tell Congress to Help Farmers of Color and Small and Medium-Sized Farms Selling in Local Food Markets.

Letter to Congress

I am writing to ask you to co-sponsor the Local and Regional Farmer and Market Act (H.R. 8096), introduced by Rep. Alma Adams of North Carolina. It is critical for pandemic response and recovery for agriculture.

The bill:

*Provides direct support for producers selling into local and regional markets based on the income losses they have experienced.

*Prioritizes funding for Black, Indigenous, and people of color and low-income communities of color and include robust outreach, technical assistance, and data collection, to ensure that aid is distributed equitably.

*Provides emergency response grants for farmers markets and local food enterprises to allow those operations to adapt to new market conditions, implement public health and safety protections, and further support communities experiencing food insecurity.

Please fight for farmers in our state and support these provisions by co-sponsoring the Local and Regional Farmer and Market Support Act.

Thank you for your support.

(Beyond Pesticides, September 11, 2020) In late August, the National Black Farmers Association filed suit against the chemical company Bayer/Monsanto, seeking to stop the sale of its ubiquitous, glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup. According to the Midwest Center for Investigative Reporting, the lawsuit argues that Black farmers are, essentially, forced to use Roundup and incur the risks of developing non-Hodgkin Lymphoma or other cancers (or health impacts) because of the exigencies of the pesticide and biotech industry “grip” on agriculture in the U.S. The suit maintains that Bayer (which owns Monsanto, the original manufacturer of Roundup) knowingly failed, and continues to fail, to warn farmers adequately about the dangers of the pesticide. In a Labor Day Daily News post, Beyond Pesticides noted that current pesticide laws result in disproportionate impacts on workers, including agricultural workers of color. Beyond Pesticides is committed to addressing the conditions that give rise to disproportionate harm and to working in broad coalitions to correct them.

Many countries have banned use of Roundup, largely because of glyphosate’s strong links to many health issues, including cancer, endocrine disruption, Parkinson’s Disease, and reproductive and immunological anomalies. The compound is regarded as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and by many public health experts and researchers. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded otherwise in its May 2019 interim decision, asserting that glyphosate herbicides are “not likely to be carcinogenic to humans,” and again in January 2020, when it reinforced that position in a news release that said, “After a thorough review of the best available science, as required under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA has concluded that there are no risks of concern to human health when glyphosate is used according to the label and that it is not a carcinogen.”

That 2019 announcement came, from an administration that has skewered, suppressed, and delegitimized science, despite an April 2019 report by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry — an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services — that evidenced findings supporting glyphosate’s carcinogenicity. Bayer rejects claims that Roundup causes cancer, despite both the evidence to the contrary, and many successful decisions in litigation based on this claim.

In 2019, less than 2% of U.S. farmers were Black, according to Pacific Standard. Investigate Midwest puts that metric at 1.3%, and adds that “Black farmers own .52% of U.S. farmland. . . . Overall, Black people make up about 13.4% of the U.S. population, the U.S. Census reports.” In addition, Black farmers tend, on average, to operate smaller farms and have narrower profit margins than operations owned by white farmers.

The suit brought by the National Black Farmers Association (NBFA) is led by Ben Crump, a well-known civil rights lawyer who has represented the families of numerous Black people killed or injured by law enforcement. Mr. Crump, according to law.com, has said that although Bayer claims that it agreed to the June 2020 settlement of a multidistrict suit (see below) “without regard to race or any other demographics,” the company’s failures to warn users of the dangers of the herbicide Roundup fell more heavily on Black farmers.

The plaintiff’s arguments are several. The farmers contend that — in a landscape of Bayer Crop Science’s near-hegemony on some genetically engineered, Roundup-ready seeds, especially soy, corn, and cotton — they are essentially forced to buy Roundup-resistant seeds and, with burgeoning resistance issues, larger quantities of Roundup every year, putting them at significant, and disproportionate, risk of developing cancer. The suit also argues that Black farmers are, on average, less literate than the general population, and have disproportionately limited access to the Internet. Thus, they generally rely more heavily on local seed salespeople for guidance about seed and pesticide purchases. Salespeople, Beyond Pesticides notes, are in the business of selling products and making money, rather than protecting farmers’ health.

The NBFA litigation is the latest in a massive number of lawsuits involving Roundup — more than 125,000 on cancer claims alone — brought against the company by victims of glyphosate exposure. In an attempt to consolidate many of those suits under a single settlement, Bayer/Monsanto announced in June 2020 that it would “pay up to $10.9 billion to resolve current and potential future litigation. According to Bayer, the settlement will ‘bring closure’ to approximately 75% of current Roundup™ litigation.” U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria (of the Northern District of California) issued a 60-day stay of the lawsuit to allow the settlement to proceed.

That deal, however, may be in trouble, according to Bloomberg and The New York Times. In July, the NYT reported that court approval of one strand of the complex agreement — a plan for handling claims in the future from those who develop glyphosate-related non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — appeared doubtful. At that time, Judge Chhabria spoke of his concerns: that the agreement puts unfair limits on the ability of future plaintiffs to sue, and worries about creation of a scientific panel tasked with a decision on the carcinogenicity of glyphosate. He said then that he was “skeptical of the propriety and fairness of the proposed settlement, and . . . tentatively inclined to deny the motion.”

In an August 27, 2020 status hearing on the case, counsel for the plaintiffs charged that Bayer appears to be going back on the terms of the deal; Judge Chhabria acknowledged his receipt of confidential letters from a number of plaintiffs’ counsel with cases pending in the MDL (multi-district litigation). The letters expressed concern about Bayer’s actions, and cited as evidence the company’s termination of settlement term sheets and refusal to execute master service agreements that would finalize settlements. The company did acknowledge that there were at that point no final agreements.

Judge Chhabria indicated that he had understood Bayer’s June 24 announcement of the settlement to mean that the company and plaintiffs’ counsel were agreed on settlement terms and process, stating that he had taken “‘all of that to mean the MDL is settled.’” According to Bloomberg, “Brent Wisner, one of the lead attorneys for consumers, told the judge ‘there is no settlement.’ He urged Judge Chhabria to lift a pause on the litigation because the process has hit a wall. . . . ‘At this point it’s become clear to me that when we were told we had an agreement, either they didn’t have authority to do that or they’ve reneged on it.’” Judge Chhabria said that he would not lift or extend the current stay.

Judge Chhabria is also considering making public those letters that set out plaintiffs’ concerns with the status of the settlement, calling them “matters of significant public concern.” Bayer wants badly to be done with this settlement, but is also adamant that it resolve the issue of future litigation, so Judge Chhabria’s reticence on these matters could threaten the conclusion of the settlement. Another such “status conference” is set for September 24; if the settlement is not finalized by then, it is possible that the lawsuit would be restarted.

Two plaintiffs in the NBFA suit are also plaintiffs in the MDL glyphosate suit, who have refused to participate in the pending $10.9 billion settlement, according to Bayer spokesperson Susan Luke. She added, in a statement to the Midwest Center for Investigative Reporting: “Racism has no place in our society or at Bayer. This lawsuit is brought by two law firms that are holdouts in the Roundup product liability litigation and people should see this action for what it is — an attempt by plaintiffs’ lawyers to use media and more litigation to further their own financial interests. There is no basis in fact or law for the health claims in this suit, as Roundup has been assessed and approved by independent health regulators worldwide, including the EPA, which have found that Roundup can be used safely as directed.”

Referencing the MDL suit, the NBFA litigation notes that “conspicuously absent from these damages, actions, and purported settlements is any effort to get Roundup® off the shelf and protect farmers from the harm that it causes,” and that if the herbicide is going to continue to be sold, it should at the very least have a warning label. In the summer of 2019, EPA quashed California’s effort to label glyphosate products with a cancer warning; Beyond Pesticides wrote then, “The move comes after the state of California listed glyphosate on its Prop 65 list of chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. Health advocates are condemning the decision as the latest in a long string of EPA actions aimed at benefiting industry at the expense of consumer and public health. Many are concerned that the incessant stream of industry-friendly decisions is eroding public trust in the agency and its ability to act as an independent regulator.”

Beyond Pesticides will continue to monitor this suit and others that aim to constrain or remove glyphosate products from the market. We remain committed to equity in the protection of human health and the environment from the dangers of toxic pesticides, and to ending disproportionate impacts of their use, as well as other environmental injustices, in the lives of Black and Indigenous people, and other people of color. Please see Beyond Pesticides’ statement on Black Lives Matter.

Source: https://investigatemidwest.org/2020/08/28/as-questions-mount-about-roundup-settlement-black-farmers-sue-monsanto-to-stop-herbicides-sales/

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, September 10, 2020) A new analysis by Science of Cannabis Laboratories Inc. (SC Labs) finds detectable concentrations of pesticides and heavy metals in rolling papers, with hemp/blunt wraps and cellulose-based rolling papers containing the highest levels of contaminants. The analysis follows a SC Labs’ finding of high levels of chlorpyrifos—a neurotoxic, organophosphate insecticide—in the rolling paper of pre-rolled cannabis, which was undergoing compliance testing. Although the rolling paper regulations generally track standards for toxic tobacco products (which means there is very little meaningful regulation), the rolling paper use with cannabis may add an addition layer of scrutiny since some statewide cannabis regulations and independent certifications adhere to stricter guidelines similar to organic practices. Researchers note the goals of the experiment “were to assess the exposure risks to the consumer as well as identify any potential liabilities for cannabis producers who use these products to make their pre-roll products.”

This report, and others like it, are significant as cannabis use expands in in the U.S. and around the world, and given that one of the most popular ways to consume cannabis product is as a rolled cigarette. Study author and president of SC Labs Josh Wurzer, Ph.D., said, “This [issue] is something that cannabis and paper manufacturers should be aware of. If those paper manufacturers are selling to people in the cannabis industry who use their papers, then they need to pay more attention to their quality control.”

The use of rolling paper products has been around since the early 1500s, with the foremost commercial producer of rolling papers, Pay-Pay, forming in 1703. In the U.S., the 20th century saw an increase in rolling paper sales as rolling paper products presented an inexpensive, convenient way to consume increasingly popular vices, such as tobacco cigarettes and cannabis. However, rolling paper regulations are sparse compared to other areas of the tobacco and cannabis industry. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates tobacco by evaluating “new tobacco products based on a public health standard that considers the risks and benefits of the tobacco product to the population as a whole, including users and nonusers.” Additionally, local governments in states where cannabis is legal, such as California, monitor and inspect hemp-based products before retail distribution. FDA regulates rolling papers as “tobacco products,” only requiring companies to disclose all ingredients to gain agency approval. However, cannabis presents a growing market for rolling papers that advocates say must be regulated on par with that of lab-tested cannabis.

In response to previous lab findings of pesticide contamination in rolling papers, researchers investigated chemical contamination frequency and concentration level in 118 rolling paper products, including rolling papers, cone papers, and blunt wraps made of rice, hemp, or cellulose, in Santa Cruz, California. Further classification of rolling paper products distinguished four different categories: standard rolling paper, pre-rolled cone paper, hemp or blunt wrap, or cellulose-based paper. To detect the presence of chemical contamination in rolling paper samples, researchers used gas and liquid chromatography, testing for 66 pesticides, five mycotoxins, and four heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury). All completed tests were within the scope of the laboratory’s accreditation and followed specific mandates set by the California Bureau of Cannabis Control (BCC), requiring lab-testing for all cannabis products.

According to the study, 90 percent of all rolling paper products contain at least one heavy metal, with eight percent containing heavy metal concentrations above California’s legal allowable limits for inhalable cannabis products. Lead detection surpasses all other metals present in the samples by a substantial perimeter. Furthermore, 16 percent of all tested rolling paper samples are positive for pesticides, with five percent above California’s legal allowable limits for inhalable cannabis products. Although only 11 percent of all rolling paper samples test positive for chemical contaminations levels above the California legal limits, 44 percent of those positives contain levels at least double, or several folds higher than the California legal limit. Regarding rolling paper categories, standard rolling papers have the lowest level of contaminants, overall, with blunt wraps and cellulose-based paper having the highest level of pesticide and heavy metal contamination, respectively.

Rolling papers, such as blunt wraps, cellulose-based paper, hemp paper, and other plant-derived smoking products, have various uses—from controlling the burn and ash rate of smokable herbs and plants to acting as combustible cartridges in rifles and revolvers for warfare reenactments. However, only 2-4% of American smokers currently use rolling papers to roll tobacco cigarettes, with many opting to buy factory-rolled or “tailormade” cigarettes for convenience. Instead, rolling paper use is more closely associated with the cannabis industry as one of the most popular ways to consume cannabis for several decades. As more states legalize cannabis across the U.S., many implement chemical restrictions or residue enforcement levels.  However, EPA has not evaluated the safety of any pesticide for cannabis production, nor has it set pesticide tolerances (allowed residues)—thus rendering pesticide use on cannabis crops illegal. Instead, states like California set their own residue enforcement levels and are shifting the cannabis industry toward organic-like practices, examining the use of pesticides and solvents via laboratory testing, and permitting mostly minimum risk pesticides.

More recently, organic cannabis has been growing in popularity, especially for its environmental and health benefits associated with excluding pesticide use. Rolling papers, on the other hand, do not undergo the same laboratory testing as cannabis. As statewide legalization of cannabis continues, and state-specific programs require cannabis industry regulations to align with federal organic requirements, advocates say that it is essential to ensure that the integrity of the finish cannabis products that are consumed are not compromised.  

Of the rolling paper products tested in the study, blunt wraps and cellulose-based papers have the highest level of contamination. Standard rolling papers have the lowest levels of contamination. Cellulose-based rolling papers are translucent paper made of water, glycerin, and cellophane from naturally derived cellulose from plant material, and results from the study show that these papers contain high levels of lead. Some cellulose papers have lead levels 100-fold higher than allowable levels. Although contamination levels are lowest for standard rolling paper made from wood pulp, there are still detectable levels of lead. Lead exposure can lead to nervous system and brain damage, psychological disorders, reproductive dysfunction, with children under six years more vulnerable to lead poisoning, causing severe mental and physical developmental delays. The study notes, “it is not surprising to find a prevalence of heavy metals detected in the rolling paper products,” as materials commonly used to manufacture rolling papers naturally accumulate metals contaminants. However, pesticides’ presence in rolling papers raises some alarm due to their growing ubiquitous use in agriculture compared to heavy metals.

Most blunt wraps, like cigars, incorporate tobacco grounds wrapped in a tobacco leaf. However, manufacturers of these tobacco products usually use chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides in their production and processing. This fact is evident as researchers detect the presence of both cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, and chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, in the blunt wrap samples. Cypermethrin has a plethora of adverse health impacts, including endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, neurotoxicity, kidney/liver damage, birth defects, learning disabilities, possible cancer, and is toxic to bees and aquatic organisms. Chlorpyrifos is concerning as it is neurotoxic to children and has links to other adverse effects, such as endocrine disruption, kidney/liver damage, and lung cancer. Additional chlorpyrifos concerns include various environmental impacts, like groundwater contamination and toxicity to birds, bees, and aquatic organisms. Although U.S. pesticide manufacturer Corteva (formerly DowDupont) will stop chlorpyrifos production at the end of 2020, generic manufacturing of the chemical will continue. Cypermethrin remains available for commercial use in industrial, agricultural, and residential settings. With both chemicals commercially available for use, especially in agriculture, it is essential to monitor chemical treatments on crops, including those that produce rolling papers.

Although organic alternatives to blunt wraps exist, like organic cigarettes, organic blunts contain tobacco, which has nicotine, an addictive and potentially cancer-causing chemical. Even organic cigarette brands like American Spirit, which pride themselves on containing no additives, may have higher levels of nicotine than chemical-intensive brands. Regardless of the absence of pesticides and tobacco, high concentrations of nitrosamines, carcinogenic toxins created during the fermentation process, and other toxins can remain. Additionally, blunt wrappers are more porous than standard rolling papers, resulting in smoke inhalation with higher concentrations of toxins. Although detectable levels of contaminants in rolling paper products are not frequenting alarming levels yet, legalization will increase demand for products like pre-rolled joints and blunts, which are convenient for the many cannabis consumers. Lack of proper contaminant monitoring of rolling paper products can put consumers at risk, especially those who consume cannabis for medicinal purposes.

Rolling paper products have a long history in the U.S., most closely associated with tobacco use and regulations. However, as the market expands for rolling paper products, new uses develop, signifying a need for updated rolling paper regulations. Although laboratory testing on par with that of cannabis can help ensure quality rolling paper products, the current scheme of spot testing is not a long-term solution to problems of pesticide contamination in cannabis production. A comprehensive solution is need to ensure that rolling paper manufacturers do not replace some toxic ingredients with equally hazardous compounds.

Beyond Pesticides maintains that consumers, workers, and the environment would benefit from universal organic standards for the cannabis industry, including products used in conjunction with cannabis. Most cannabis products that many individuals are using are for medicinal purposes, and consumers are typically inhaling without any filtration. States must promote rigorous production standards and Beyond Pesticides recommends that states establish laws and/or regulations that mandate an organic systems approach to produce cannabis and cannabis consuming products. While “organic” labeling is welcome, states should require all cannabis and rolling paper product manufacturers to follow Ocal production standards, or follow the dictates of national organic soil management standards. Organic agriculture has many health and environmental benefits, which eliminate the need for chemical-intensive agricultural practices. Furthermore, buying, growing, and supporting organic can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture and the environment. For more information on how organic is the right choice for both consumers and the farmworkers who grow our food, see Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture. Read more about Beyond Pesticides’ coverage of cannabis and pesticides here and at its Daily News archival page on the topic. For more background, see Pushing for Organic Cannabis as Industry Grows and Pesticide Use in Marijuana Production: Safety Issues and Sustainable Options. Also see Spotting the Hackers of Hemp.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: SC Labs, Leafly

(Beyond Pesticides, September 9, 2020) Late last month the California legislature voted to ban, with limited exceptions, the use of highly toxic rat poisons. The California Ecosystems Protection Act of 2020, AB 1788, was passed after over a year of advocacy by groups and individuals concerned about the impact of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGAR) on state and local wildlife. Proponents of the legislation are advocating that lawmakers in other states follow California’s lead by passing similar legislation. The bill must be signed by Governor Gavin Newsom or allow the bill to become a law without his signature by September 30, 2020.

The legislation hones in on the use of SGARs, specifically the chemicals brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and difethialone, which present significant hazards to non-target wildlife. Unlike the first generation of blood thinning rodenticides on the market (such as chlorophacinone, warfarin, and diphacinone, which present their own hazards), SGARs cannot be quickly excreted by the body and can deal a lethal dose to rodents in a single feeding. However, SGAR-poisoned rodents do not die immediately, and are often left lethargic and exposed to the elements. This makes them easy prey for birds and mammals. In California, SGARs gained considerable attention for ongoing reports of poisoning within state’s iconic mountain lion population.

Kian Schulman, a founding member of Poison Free Malibu, said, “California has now recognized the harm done to wildlife, pets, and children from rat poisons. This example will motivate other states, the U.S. nationally, and other countries to follow suit.” Poison Free Malibu works to protect local wildlife in the Santa Monica Mountains and throughout California by educating about the dangers associated with the use of rodent poisons. As to the future, Ms. Schulman continues, “The next target to concentrate on is reversing “preemption” which prevents local regulation of pesticides.”

This chokehold law created by the pesticide industry must END, and give  communities the choice to be FREE from all pesticides!”

AB 1788 bans the use of SGARs within any state park, wildlife refuge, or state conservancy. It further prohibits use until the California Department of Pesticide Regulation conducts a reevaluation and develops a plan to stop the poisoning of non-target wildlife. Exemptions are provided only in limited circumstances, primarily for public health, agriculture, and use on non-native species inhabiting off-shore islands.

Although the bill was opposed by pest control companies, and some business and apartment associations, the legislation provides needed, timely protections for California’s mountain lions. A poisoning event in 2019 led to the death of a young lion dubbed P-47, which because it had not yet mated, represented a significant blow to the Santa Monica Mountains lion population. In 2018, another young mountain lion, P-55, infamous for its ability to crisscross California’s 101 Freeway, died of suspected rodenticide poisonings, shortly after another cougar, P-41, was found dead with six different pesticides detected in its liver. A similar rodenticide poisoning nearly killed mountain lion P-22, which, for a time, roamed the Hollywood Hills along Griffith Park’s Hollywood sign.

In fact, shortly after the passage of AB1788, the National Park Service reported the death of two big cats due to anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning: B-372, a female bobcat, and P-76, a young male mountain lion.

As recent scientific studies indicate, populations in Southern California’s Santa Ana and Santa Monica Mountains are at risk of local extinction within 50 years without intervention.

Earlier this year, the California Fish and Game Commission voted unanimously to provide temporary protected status to state mountain lion populations , and conduct a year-long study on permanent safety provisions. The drive to protect mountain lions also led lawmakers in Malibu, CA to implement an inventive ban on SGARs, despite preemption threats from the state.

Apart from the significant hazards these chemicals pose to non-target charismatic megafauna like bobcats, fishers, mountain lions, owls, hawks, and other critically important species lies the fact SGARs are unnecessary to effectively manage rodent populations. See Beyond Pesticides’ ManageSafe page on least-toxic control of mice for strategies that can be used that do not include the use of highly hazardous baits. For more information on the dangers pesticides pose to wildlife, see Beyond Pesticides’ Wildlife program page.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: AB 1788, The Sacramento Bee

(Beyond Pesticides, September 8, 2020) Canada should be in accordance with international treaty to eliminate persistent pollutants. 

Canada is considering the elimination of one of the worst persistent pollutants—pentachlorophenol (penta)—that dot our landscape in utility poles and railroad ties. This wood preservative—a cancer-causing chemical with dioxin, furans, and hexachlorobenzene that causes health and environmental degradation—has no place in society as we struggle with shared global challenges of public and worker health threats, the climate crisis, and biodiversity decline. We have a chance to urge Canada to move ahead with a pentachlorophenol ban, joining with Mexico to show leadership in the protection of health and the environment—something the U.S. has not done.

Tell Canada to ban pentachlorophenol.

Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) is accepting comments on a proposal to ban the all uses of penta in Canada. Comments are due September 13. Canada is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which voted 90-2 to ban penta in 2015. The United States is not a signatory to the Stockholm Convention and still allows the use of penta on utility poles and other “wood that is subject to decay or insect infestation, including supporting structures in contact with the soil in barns, stables, and similar sites.”

Despite the ban in force in 186 countries, the United States has continued to import and use this hazardous wood preservative on telephone poles and railroad ties throughout the country. With Mexico set to close one of the last production plants in the world, Gulbrandsen Chemicals Inc. tried to make Orangeburg, a majority black community in South Carolina, the new epicenter for penta manufacturing. Following protests by lawmakers and coverage in The State newspaper, the company dropped its plans.

Penta is used to pressure treat wood, with the aim of prolonging its use in utility poles and railroad ties. Beyond Pesticides has sounded the alarm on penta and other wood preservatives for over 20 years, starting with the reports Pole Pollution and Poison Poles, which outlined the science on the hazards and alternatives to preservative-coated utility poles. Penta is a particularly concerning wood preservative, as it is well known to be contaminated with hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and furans. Acute contact exposure through contact or inhalation with penta-treated products can result in severe irritation. Chronic risks include damage to organ systems like the liver and kidney, as well as impacts on immune, nervous, and endocrine system functioning. EPA reviews previously classified penta as a probable carcinogen, however its Integrated Risk Information System recently classified it as “likely to be carcinogenic.” The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that at least 1 in 1,000 workers are likely to develop cancer during their career at a penta production plant.

While EPA continues to drag its feet, an international treaty, called the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, was brought into force. Parties to the Stockholm Convention are bound to eliminate the use and production of hazardous chemicals voted on by member countries. The U.S. is glaringly absent from this treaty, signing it in 2001, yet never ratifying it through the Senate. Despite opposition from the U.S. and India, which is a minor producer of the chemical, the Stockholm Convention voted to impose the strictest ban possible on penta, beginning in 2016.  This set a clock ticking on the last North American penta plant, located in Matamoros, Mexico. Mexico was granted a five-year exemption from the treaty in order to provide time to shift production. With 2021 fast approaching, the plant’s owner, Cabot Microelectronics, announced it would stop manufacturing the chemical in order to comply with the Stockholm Convention. Around the same time, Gulbrandsen Chemicals Inc., a company that lists its headquarters in South Carolina, but appears to have ties to India, announced it would bring a production plant to Orangeburg.

The U.S. has long been the largest consumer of penta, and as a result has an intimate history with the chemical’s manufacturing process. Hundreds of Superfund sites throughout the country are designated as such because they were the location of previous penta production plants. According to research Beyond Pesticides conducted in Pole Pollution in the late 1990s, roughly 250 sites on the Superfund National Priorities list were contaminated with penta.

A ban by Canada will put added pressure on the U.S. EPA to finally ban penta.

The Canadian PMRA proposal summarizes the environmental and health hazards of penta. In the environment, concerns are persistence, mobility, and bioaccumulation (presence in all environmental compartments); potential risk to aquatic organisms; potential risk to terrestrial vertebrates; and release to the environment of polychlorodibenzodioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and hexachlorobenzene. Human health concerns include occupational exposure in wood treatment facilities and exposure to the general public from treated wood that could produce serious health effects. The long-term non-cancer risk was not shown to be acceptable. Based on the arithmetic mean exposure for all sites, all job groups and assuming 35 years of work per 78 year lifetime, cancer risk for workers in the treatment facilities is estimated as 1 × 10-3, compared to Health Canada’s generally acceptable level of 1.0 × 10-5 for occupational scenarios. PMRA concludes, “Evaluation of the available scientific information related to the human health aspects of concern indicated that under the current conditions of use of pentachlorophenol, potential risk to human health is not shown to be acceptable.”

Send this letter and sign the petition telling Canada to ban pentachlorophenol.

Please note: By sending this letter, you will also be adding your name to the petition that Beyond Pesticides will submit to Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency. 

I am writing to support the proposal of the PMRA to ban all uses of pentachlorophenol. We share one global environmental that cannot tolerate continual contamination with persistent pollutions that travel the earth and contribute to public and worker health threats, the climate crisis, and biodiversity decline.

Canada is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which voted 90-2 to ban penta in 2015. Penta is a particularly dangerous wood preservative, as it is well known to be contaminated with hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and furans. Acute contact exposure through contact or inhalation with penta-treated products can result in severe irritation. Chronic risks include damage to organ systems like the liver and kidney, as well as impacts on immune, nervous, and endocrine system functioning. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently classified it as “likely to be carcinogenic.”

The Canadian PMRA proposal recognizes the environmental and health hazards of penta. In the environment, concerns are persistence, mobility, and bioaccumulation (presence in all environmental compartments); potential risk to aquatic organisms; potential risk to terrestrial vertebrates; and release to the environment of polychlorodibenzodioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and hexachlorobenzene.

Human health concerns include occupational exposure in wood treatment facilities and exposure to the general public from treated wood that could produce serious health effects. The long-term non-cancer risk was not shown to be acceptable. Based on the arithmetic mean exposure for all sites, all job groups and assuming 35 years of work per 78 year lifetime, cancer risk for workers in the treatment facilities is estimated as 1 × 10-3, compared to Health Canada’s generally acceptable level of 1.0 × 10-5 for occupational scenarios. PMRA concludes, “Evaluation of the available scientific information related to the human health aspects of concern indicated that under the current conditions of use of pentachlorophenol, potential risk to human health is not shown to be acceptable.”

Please ban all uses of pentachlorophenol in Canada, bringing the world closer to eliminating this highly toxic persistent organic pollutant.

Thank you for your consideration of my comments.

Sincerely,

(Beyond Pesticides, September 7, 2020) On Labor Day during this coronavirus pandemic, it is especially appropriate that we thank all essential workers—but thanks are not enough. We must redouble our efforts to eliminate the racial and economic inequities in our society that contribute to disproportionate risk to the health and well-being of workers, especially people of color. As the commentary in New York Magazine by Sarah Jones states, “[T]okens of appreciation are just that: tokens, which signal nothing deeper than gratitude. That doesn’t pay anyone’s rent.” And, all our gratitude does not protect anyone’s health. Nobody should have to risk their health for a job.

As we as a nation recognize that systemic change is needed to fight racial and economic injustice, we are faced with questions that go to the core of our society—the distribution of wealth, a livable wage, investment in and access to education and health care, and an environment that sustains life.

It could be said that an environmental organization, like Beyond Pesticides, that works on environmental, health, and agriculture and land management issues should “stay in its lane” and not delve into broader issues that address our social and economic structure. However, the events of the last several months, since the killing of George Floyd, has again highlighted in our nation’s history an elevated awareness of the need to address the underlying causes and effects of racial injustice. In this context, Beyond Pesticides is committed to addressing the conditions that give rise to disproportionate harm and working in broad coalitions to correct them.

Our work to advance systemic change will continue to seek changes in underlying policies that codify disproportionate harm, such as federal pesticide law that is built on a foundation that allows elevated and disproportionate risk to workers who are excluded from EPA’s cumulative risk assessment (under the Food Quality Protection Act, amendments to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act), which aggregates dietary and non-dietary, but explicitly not occupational, exposure to pesticides, while including a mandate to protect children. With this, the law effectively requires EPA to allow higher rates of harm for workers, particularly farmworkers, landscapers (workers who are disproportionately people of color), and others occupationally exposed to pesticides. The coronavirus pandemic has brought disproportionate risk into sharp focus, with the threat of contracting the virus highly elevated among essential Black and brown workers. At the same time, pesticide exposure—associated with adverse respiratory and neurotoxic effects—exacerbates the risk of becoming sick from Covid-19.

With this understanding, we must rethink our approach to pesticide reform, including a legislative proposal before Congress introduced earlier this year, that, while well-intentioned, reaffirms institutional biases that codify environmental racism. The time for systemic change is now.

—Jay Feldman, executive director of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, September 4, 2020) When pesticide drift is investigated, it is most often drift from agricultural fields that is examined. A new study shows that off-target drift of pesticides from greenhouses is also a reality. This research deduced such drift of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides from crop applications done in Ecuadoran floriculture greenhouses by evaluating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity, necessary to the transmission of nerve impulses, in children residing nearby. The team finds that children living in homes near greenhouses in which these insecticides (widely recognized as cholinesterase inhibitors) are used exhibit reduced activity of this enzyme and abnormal functioning of the nervous system. Beyond Pesticides has monitored the pesticide drift issue intensively, and has long advocated for far better protections for farmworkers. This new information connects those issues, and expands the “drift” concerns to include risks to people working in greenhouses, and to those, especially children, who happen to live near greenhouse-type structures in which these toxic chemicals are used.

The study evaluates data during three separate periods (2008, April 2016, and July–October 2016) on 623 children, aged 4–17, living in floricultural communities in Ecuador. The research is part of the study of the Secondary Exposure to Pesticides among Children and Adolescents (ESPINA) project. The study data comprises metrics on both AChE activity in the children, and the magnitude of pesticide drift as a function of distance between residences and floriculture greenhouses.

The study analyzes both the distribution of areas of flower crops within “buffer zones” of various sizes around children’s homes, and the “correlation coefficients” (statistical measures of the strength of the relationship between two variables) between household proximity to the nearest treated greenhouse crops and to variously sized areas of flower crops within 1,000 meters of homes. Proximity of children’s homes to such greenhouses, especially within 275 meters, is associated with lower AChE activity, reflecting greater cholinesterase inhibitor exposure from pesticide drift. Reduced AChE activity is also associated with larger crop areas within 500 meters of residents, and especially so for those within 150 meters. In typically understated academic parlance, the study concludes, “mitigation of off-target drift of pesticides from crops onto nearby homes is recommended.”

Carbamates and organophosphates, like chlorpyrifos, are insecticides that have long been used on agricultural crops, as well as to kill a variety of insects: cockroaches, ants, fleas, crickets, aphids, bedbugs, sand fleas, and mosquitoes. Residential uses of organophosphate pesticides have been highly restricted by the US. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] over the last two decades ago, but both continue to be used widely in agriculture. (There is evidence of some shift in agricultural use from these classes of pesticides to synthetic pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, which come with their own significant risks and harms.)

These two classes of pesticides share (with some others) a common mode of toxic action in the body: they are cholinesterase inhibitors, which means that they bind to receptor sites for the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, or AChE, which is essential to normal nerve impulse transmission. Basically, after a neurotransmission, the “spent” neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, must be cleared away from the synaptic cleft (the space between two neurons); otherwise, new signals would be unable to launch. Following transmission of a nerve impulse by acetylcholine, AChE breaks it down — a critical process that prevents what would otherwise be constant stimulation of the post-synaptic cell. In binding to those receptor sites, cholinesterase inhibitors inactivate AChE, and prevent that important clearing.

When AChE is inhibited, the buildup of acetylcholine can lead to acute impacts, such as uncontrolled, rapid twitching of some muscles, paralyzed breathing, convulsions, and, in extreme cases, death. Because of their common mode of action, both carbamates and organophosphates can have significant impacts — apart from episodes of acute poisoning — on the functioning of multiple bodily systems. The brain and central nervous system, after all, direct and/or mediate virtually all activities in the body, so compromise of neural transmission can have broad systemic impacts.

Exposures to these pesticides have been associated with myriad health anomalies and outcomes, including: metabolic diseases (including diabetes); non-Hodgins Lymphoma; childhood brain tumors; infant leukemia; endocrine disruption;   reproductive impacts; hepatic (liver) function; a variety of cancers; Parkinson’s Disease and other neurological impairments; respiratory impacts; and developmental delays, impaired cognitive development, and a host of learning/behavioral problems in young children. Beyond Pesticides wrote about a call, from leading toxicologists, for a ban on organophosphates because of the multitude of dangers of organophosphates to children.

Of course, residents near greenhouses are not alone in their exposures. A 2020 study on pesticide exposures of people working in “non-organic” greenhouses found that those a who apply pesticides within them commonly report “reproductive disorders, respiratory symptoms, neurological symptoms, and skin irritations.” Common sense would suggest that such impact might well extend to those working in similar closed agricultural structures, such as hoop houses and high tunnel growing systems. That study also asserts that inadequate ventilation of such structures contributes to the problem, noting that the “ventilation systems and indoor environmental conditions of greenhouse farms were not designed according to specifications of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.”

Another 2020 study of greenhouse worker exposure to pesticides in China, said of the study’s objective: “Greenhouse workers are considered a special occupational group who are exposed to more toxic and harmful substances than ordinary farmers. The health problem of this group is a public health problem that warrants attention.” The research results shows, though varied across levels of exposure, increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, skeletal muscle system diseases, and digestive diseases. The researchers’ summary said, “Long-term and high-intensity pesticide exposure, coupled with the high temperature and humidity in greenhouses, has caused different degrees of damage to the health of practitioners, involving various systems of the human body, such as the nervous, reproductive, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, [and] endocrine systems.”

The use of greenhouses and similar structures is increasing significantly with demand for local food production, and with growing concerns about stability of food supplies because of climate change and now, impacts of the current or future pandemics. With the increasing use of such systems, concerns about pesticide exposures — if these systems are used for non-organic crop production — will also likely grow, for both those working in them and those living nearby.

Absent EPA’s cancellation of the registration of these classes of pesticides, the public is left to avoid exposures to these chemicals by making the best choices they can, such as: avoiding use of pesticides in homes and gardens; purchasing organic food as much as possible; and insisting that community leaders opt for nontoxic solutions for schools, playgrounds, athletic fields, parks, and other common spaces. Members of the public can advocate, through Beyond Pesticides and other organizations, and in their own lives, for nontoxic, organic, and regenerative agricultural systems that do not put the health of people, wildlife, and ecosystems at such grave risk.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935120306216?via%3Dihub

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, September 3, 2020) Occupational exposure to pollutants including, those from wood burning, pesticides, metals, and vehicle combustion, increases the risk of developing heart abnormalities among Latinx individuals, according to new research published in the Journal of the American Heart Association. Although previous research focuses on the impact of pollutants on human health from occupational or residential exposure, this study highlights the risk chemical exposure can have on communities, especially for those underrepresented in conventional occupational health studies, such as those with Hispanic or Latinx backgrounds. People of color communities are already at greater risk of exposure to environmental and health harms, such as pesticide pollution, which has been identified as environmental racism. Additionally, not only are people of color at risk of developing various, serious health issues associated with additional or cumulative pesticide exposure, they disproportionately face an elevated risk from Covid-19 as essential workers or family members of those workers.

According to the researchers, “The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between occupational exposure to hazardous substances and cardiac structure and function in Hispanic/Latino participants in ECHO‐SOL (Echocardiographic Study of Latinos).” It is significant as it highlights the regular/routine exposure to environmental pollutants, including pollution from pesticide use, that threatens the health of vulnerable communities. Jean Claude Uwamungu, M.D., study co-lead author study, states, “These findings support the notion that where people live and work affects cardiovascular health. Policies and interventions to protect the environment and safeguard workers’ health could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease such as heart failure, especially among low-income occupations that have higher exposure to these harmful pollutants.”

Cardiovascular (heart) disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S., with approximately 700,000 people dying annually of heart diseases, equating to 25% of all U.S. deaths. Additionally, heart conditions are one leading cause of disability in the U.S. Research has shown that environmental pollutant exposure can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including stroke, heart attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac arrest. Many epidemiological studies focus on ambient pollutant impact on CVD, such as exposure to ambient air pollution at the location of the primary residence. However, most individuals experience exposure to pollutants in the workplace. Although federal regulations and agencies like Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) are charged with protecting workers from occupational hazards, including exposure to hazardous chemicals, these risks associated with CVD are less studied and reflected in policies and practices that disproportionately affect low-income individuals. While the studies finds that CVD disproportionately affects people of color, pesticide exposure overall affects a large portion of the population, and the intermediate relationship between CVD and pesticides is studied less.

To assess cardiac function related to occupational chemical exposure, researchers used a population‐based cohort study consisting of 782 participants, both men, and women, who self‐identified Hispanic/Latinx. The study’s researchers used sampling methods presented by previous research in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCSL/SOL). Participants ranged from ages 18 to 74 years, living in four cities in the U.S.: Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA. In their review, researchers assess chemical exposure of employed individuals through a questionnaire detailing participants’ sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, reporting any occupational exposure to chemicals at the current and longest‐held job, including burning wood, vehicle exhaust, solvents, pesticides, and metals. Additionally, researchers aimed to assess the relationship between heart structure and function from echocardiograph screenings for each participant using survey multivariable linear regression analyses.

Overall, the results of the study show that exposure to burning wood, vehicle exhaust, pesticides, and metals is associated with abnormal heart function and structure, especially for participants working their jobs for many years (average of 18 years). Of all occupational chemical exposures present in the study, work-related vehicle exhaust has the most reports of exposure. Echocardiographs show occupational exposure to vehicle exhaust is associated with a reduction in the heart’s ability to pump, decreasing the right ventricular systolic function and left ventricular longitudinal strain for expansion and contraction of heart muscles. Occupational exposure to wood burning is associated with a decrease in the left ventricles’ ability to pump blood by 3.1%. Work-related pesticide exposure is associated with an alteration in left ventricular longitudinal strain function, as did exposure to metals, decreasing the heart’s ability to contract normally. Additionally, researchers link occupational exposure to metals to an increase in left ventricular muscle mass, a risk factor for heart disease.

The concern over chemical exposure from environmental pollutants and human health is hardly a new issue, as a plethora of studies demonstrates the risks associated with toxic chemical exposure. Specific concerns arise over occupational exposure as exposure to chemicals like pesticides is unavoidable for some occupations. Typically, agricultural or industrial professions see the highest levels of pesticide exposure, including pesticide applicators, landscapers, forestry and agricultural workers, factory workers, pesticide manufacturing employees, aircraft mechanics, and jet fuel refinery employees.

This research adds to the body of science that finds that occupational exposure to high levels of pesticides can increase risks for cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease or stroke. A 2020 research paper finds that greater exposure to pyrethroid insecticides is associated with higher risks of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease. Pyrethroids, like many other synthetic insecticides, are highly neurotoxic, notably upon inhalation, ingestion, and absorption through the skin. Various studies link pyrethroids to endocrine disruption, immune system suppression, respiratory and reproductive disorders, and cancer. Furthermore, workers who experience high-level chemical exposures may not experience adverse health effects for years afterward, with the most severe effects commencing decades after chemical exposure. Past research from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) finds evidence that exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used during the Vietnam War, over 45-70 years ago, is associated with an increased chance of developing ischemic heart disease and Parkinson’s disease.

With cardiovascular disease becoming increasingly prevalent and the leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, the risk that pesticide exposure plays in disease development is vital to policy restrictions that take into account the variance that racial equity and socioeconomic status play in the disproportionate health impacts on vulnerable communities. “Unfortunately, people of color that live in low-income neighborhoods bear the brunt of poor environmental policy and suffer from environmental racism,” states the Black Institute in New York City in their report Poison Parks (2020). Additionally, individuals working occupations like farmworkers and landscapers are at disproportionate risk of pesticide poisoning.

According to Farmworker Justice, 76% of all farmworkers identify as Latino/Hispanic. Farmworkers lack adequate workplace protection under the laws of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). Instead, worker protection regulations overseen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have been cited as providing inadequate workplace protections and enforcement under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act—another example of the institutional racism associated with the protection of people of color that advocates have identified. With the average life expectancy for farmworkers being 49 years old, compared to 78 for the general population, advocates have called on government to enhance current protection protocols to prevent premature death associated with occupational pesticide exposure. 

The results of this study reinforce findings from previous studies supporting pesticide exposure’s association with an increase in coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation prevalence. Additionally, pollutants putting people at risk are from wood-burning and pesticides as exposure to these chemicals can extend far beyond burning areas and agricultural fields where they are used.

Although this study reveals the associations with, rather than causes of, changes in heart structure and function, these important results contain data relevant to public health and potential heart damage linked to long-term occupational exposure to these pollutants. Dr. Uwamungu suggests reducing both occupational and environmental chemical exposure to decrease the risk of developing heart failure and other heart disorders, “Health care professionals should routinely ask patients about exposure to pollutants at work to guide prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of early stages of heart disease.”

Studies related to pesticides and heart disorders can aid in future heart health research to understand the underlying mechanisms that cause heart functional or structural changes. With the Trump administration dismantling many environmental regulations, it is vital to understand how exposure to environmental pollutants like pesticides can increase the risk of developing chronic disease, especially if theses regulatory rollbacks increase the persistence of environmental pollutants. Stand up for vulnerable communities but telling your congressional representative and senators that EPA must protect farmworkers from toxic pesticide exposure and donate to the Black Institute—a leader in advancing organic land management legislation in New York City that bans toxic pesticides. 

Beyond Pesticides tracks the most recent news and studies related to pesticides through the Daily News Blog and Pesticide Induced Diseases Database (PIDD). This database supports the clear need for strategic action to shift away from pesticide dependency. Additionally, buying, growing, and supporting organic can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture and the environment. Organic agriculture has many health and environmental benefits, which curtail the need for chemical-intensive agricultural practices. For more information on how organic is the right choice for both consumers and the farmworkers who grow our food, see Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Science Daily, Journal of the American Heart Association

(Beyond Pesticides, September 2, 2020) It’s being called the Monarch Massacre—hundreds of monarch butterflies found dead after the Vector Control Department of Cass County, North Dakota aerially sprayed the county for mosquito control. This incident occurred during a moment in history that is seeing monarchs at the edge of extinction, with the number of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico having declined 53% from last year, according to a count conducted by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Mexico. This tragedy happened as the nation and the world are experiencing an insect apocalypse and severe biodiversity decline, threatening the web of life. (See Study Predicts Demise of Insects within Decades if Pesticide Dependence Continues.)

While it is critical that steps be taken by communities nationwide to protect their local ecology, the incident generated a response from Cass County that claims that the insecticides used are “the lowest toxicity products on the market for mosquito control,” and points to the “monarch migration [that] is a sporadic event that unfortunately occurred during the latest adult mosquito control application.” 

The County justifies the spraying because of nuisance mosquitoes and a finding in the “surrounding communities” of mosquitoes carrying West Nile virus (WNv). In its Facebook statement, the County provides no monitoring data for WNv, does not disclose the threshold levels of insect borne disease, and fails to identify any risk to human and environmental health from its pesticide use. Instead, the agency refers to “lowest toxicity” products, claims made by chemical manufacturers but not verified by the independent scientific literature. In fact, the Vector Control Department’s website indicates that it is using the highly toxic insecticide permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid linked to neurotoxicity and cancer. The Department states on its website:

“Cass County uses a number of synthetic pyrethroids to control adult mosquitoes. Pyrethroids are synthetic chemical insecticides that act in a similar manner to pyrethrins, which are derived from chrysanthemum flowers. Pyrethroids are widely used for controlling various organisms including head lice. Permethrin, bifenthrin, and etofenprox, are synthetic pyrethroids commonly used in mosquito control programs to kill adult mosquitoes.” (See County website.)

Clearly the Department is downplaying the toxic nature of the chemicals that it uses. As stated, the pesticides being used by the county are synthetic pyrethroids not natural chemicals “derived from chrysanthemum flowers,” known as pyrethrums. Like other communities, Cass County mosquito management relies solely on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pesticide registration, which is disputed by independent science, and its own history of past pesticide use to justify continued pesticide use—without any reference to the controversy associated with synthetic pyrethroid use captured in the scientific literature. In an effort to reduce its characterization of hazards associated with the mosquito pesticides, the Department points to its use of ultra low volume (ULV) applications to downplay concerns about public exposure. To further justify widespread and indiscriminate use of synthetic pyrethroids for mosquito control, the county website cites other widespread uses of these pesticides, including “household insect foggers; ant and other insect sprays for the home; tick and flea sprays; flea dips & sprays; collars for cats and dogs; termite treatments; agricultural and livestock products; [and] for the treatment of head and body lice.”

Beyond Pesticides has noted that exposure to synthetic pyrethoids exacerbates the very threats associated with coronavirus. In effect, the use of these chemicals and public exposure increase the risk factors associated with Covid-19. (See Beyond Pesticides webpage and factsheet.)

Context is critical to the threat that monarchs are suffering. WWF’s monarch count found that monarchs occupied seven acres this winter, down from 15 acres last year. Reports indicate that 15 acres is a minimum threshold needed to prevent a collapse of the butterfly’s migration and possible extinction.

The threat to ecosystems from widespread spraying for mosquito management made national news when over two million bees killed after aerial mosquito spraying in South Carolina in 2016. Smaller wildlife kills often go unreported in the news.

Because monarchs are under threat, mosquito spraying adds considerably to the species decline. Recent research finds that western monarch milkweed habitat contains a “ubiquity of pesticides” that are likely contributing to the decline of the iconic species. The research, published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, provides a grim snapshot of a world awash in pesticides, and raises new questions about the U.S. regulatory process that continues to allow these toxic chemicals on to the market without adequate review and oversight. (See Milkweed in Western Monarch Habitat Found to be Completely Contaminated with Pesticides)

Tell Public Officials to Stop Mosquito Spraying and Adopt a Safe, Effective Mosquito Management Plan.

For information on ecological based mosquito management, see Beyond Pesticides Safer Mosquito Management page. Also, see Public Health Mosquito Management Strategy for Decision Makers and Communities.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: https://www.facebook.com/CassCountyGovND/

(Beyond Pesticides, September 1, 2020) In its new report, industry watchdog OrganicEye, a project of Beyond Pesticides, examines the rapidly expanding CBD market, uncovering numerous examples of gross violations flying under the radar. In its report, Spotting the Hackers of Hemp: The Value of Authentic Certified Organic CBD Products, OrganicEye offers examples of companies claiming organic status without going through the rigorous third-party inspection and auditing process required by federal law. As with food, organic CBD, produced from hemp/cannabis, eliminates the risks and hazards of environmentally dangerous farming practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, sewage sludge, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Organics also shuns toxic food ingredients and food processing substances like volatile solvents. Since Congress charged USDA with protecting organic stakeholders from fraudulent practices, illegal organic marketing claims have been the most common violations reported to the agency.

“In addition to representing conventional hemp products as organic, marketers have engaged in illegal subterfuge, including creating their own ‘organic’ logos because they can’t use the official USDA seal and using the word ‘organic’ in their brand names when the products do not qualify for organic labeling,” said Mark A. Kastel, a 30-year industry veteran and director of OrganicEye.

The meteoric growth of hemp production, and associated products, was made possible by the congressional Farm Bills of 2014 and 2018 (with the stipulation that cannabis contain no more than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC).

With aggressively growing consumer demand for hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) and related products, it is not surprising that some marketers engage in misleading or even fraudulent practices. According to the report, the global CBD market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate of 22.2% from 2019 to 2025, putting it on track to reach $23.6 billion by 2025.

“In previous investigations, including Pushing for Organic Cannabis as Industry Grows, Beyond Pesticides has found widespread use of toxic pesticides in hemp (or cannabis) production, making the need for legitimate certified organic labeled product especially important to public health and environmental protection,” said Jay Feldman, executive director of Beyond Pesticides. Because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not fully evaluated the potential hazards of pesticide residues from its production and cumulative risk, exposure through ingestion, absorption through the skin, and inhalation raises serious safety concerns, according to various scientific sources, including Environmental Health Perspectives.

OrganicEye’s research on CBD was generated in response to multiple accounts of questionable organic claims sent to the project by industry stakeholders and concerned consumers.  The report reviews organic claims made by a cross-section of manufacturers of CBD products; provides an overview of organic CBD production and the certification process; and separates authentic organic products—certified organic from the farm to the consumer—from those with unsubstantiated organic claims.

Many of the companies investigated were properly certified by an accredited certifier under the USDA organic program.  When companies indicated that their products were organic but were not able to provide verification or evidence that the products were actually produced and packed by a certified organic operation, OrganicEye included them in a formal legal complaint filed with USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service.  

“We believe many of those claims are misleading, at best, and likely illegal, when the company itself is not certified,” Kastel added.

The USDA Certified Organic seal signifies that rigorous standards have been met by both the farm producer and the processor—and subsequently verified by a USDA accredited certifying agency. Some companies that do not appear to be certified organic have created their own logos to use instead, often appearing to mimic the official seal. Trust the Earth Hemp has designed a number of logos, including one that states “100% Organic.” These designs are featured prominently on their website and product labels:

Kore Organic™ first came to OrganicEye’s attention when one of its products was recalled due to the discovery of high levels of lead. The product label posted in the recall notice included ingredients such as “Pure Cannabidiol (CBD),” “All Natural Hemp Oil,” and “Artificial Flavors.” The Kore Organic™ website and some product labels also feature their own “Organic CBD” logo.

Read Beyond Pesticides’ analysis of cannabis production nationwide, Visit Beyond Pesticides’ Organic Agriculture page and join with others to protect organic integrity. Stay tuned for commenting on the integrity of organic food production and advance policies and practices for organic playing fields, parks, school yards, home lawns and gardens as the only viable approach to eliminating toxic pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Read Beyond Pesticides’ analysis of cannabis production nationwide, Pesticide Use in Marijuana Production: Safety Issues and Sustainable Options.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: OrganicEye

(Beyond Pesticides, August 31, 2020) We don’t need to use toxic weed killers to manage unwanted vegetation in Lake Tahoe, given the havoc they will wreak on a treasured and sacred ecosystem. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (TRPA/LRWQCB) are accepting comments on a draft environmental impact report/ environmental impact statement (EIR/EIS) analyzing environmental impacts of a proposed Tahoe Keys Lagoons Aquatic Weed Control Methods Test (“Project”). Unless we all speak up, the Project could involve the application of herbicides to Lake Tahoe. The Action Alternative 1: Testing of Non-Herbicidal Methods Only is the environmentally best choice and should be selected for the proposed weed control test program.

Protect Lake Tahoe from toxic weed killers—take action by Sept. 3, 11:59 pm.

Located on the border of California and Nevada, Lake Tahoe is treasured for its scenic and ecological values not just by residents of those states, but by many others. The Washoe Tribe considers the lake to be a sacred life-sustaining water, the center of the world. The lake is designated an “Outstanding National Resource Water” under the Clean Water Act, and is recognized nationally and globally as a natural resource of special significance. 

The herbicides chosen for consideration in this program—florpyrauxifen-benzyl, triclopyr, and endothall—pose risks of potential health and environmental harm not fully assessed in the EIR/EIS, and the non-herbicidal methods alone may prove sufficiently effective for the weed control sought. The Proposed Project, Action Alternatives, and the No Action Alternative all could have potentially significant effects to water quality issues (water temperature, turbidity, dispersal of aquatic fragments, changes in pH, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen concentrations) and aquatic community stability (species diversity, species dominance, seasonal succession). The limited herbicide spot-treatment usage as part of the Proposed Project poses substantial localized risks to human health and environment. A full-scale herbicide use throughout the Tahoe Keys lagoons would be seriously detrimental to the Keys and potentially to the broader Lake Tahoe. The Action Alternative 1: Testing of Non-Herbicidal Methods Only would have the least potential for any serious and unwanted effects. Action Alternative 1 is the environmentally superior choice and will likely demonstrate the effectiveness of non-herbicidal methods in controlling the aquatic weed problem. TRPA/LRWQCB should select this alternative for the proposed weed control test program.

Separate from the weed test control program, nutrient inputs into the Tahoe Keys from residential and landscape fertilizer use and vehicular (auto and boat) exhaust emissions contribute to the eutrophication and weed problem in the Keys and Lake Tahoe in general. TRPA/LRWQCB should continue and expand existing efforts limiting nutrient inputs that aggravate aquatic weed proliferation in the Tahoe Keys lagoons and will continue to hinder weed control efforts.

See Beyond Pesticides’ detailed comments.

Protect Lake Tahoe from toxic weed killers—take action by Sept. 3, 11:59 pm.

Letter to Tahoe Regional Planning Agency/Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (TRPA/LRWQCB) 

I am writing to agree with the draft EIR/EIS authors that the Action Alternative 1: Testing of Non-Herbicidal Methods Only is the environmentally best choice and ask that the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency/Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (TRPA/LRWQCB) choose this alternative for the proposed weed control test program.

Lake Tahoe is treasured for its scenic and ecological values not just by residents of California and Nevada, but by many others. The Washoe Tribe considers the lake to be a sacred life-sustaining water, the center of the world. The lake is designated an “Outstanding National Resource Water” under the Clean Water Act and is recognized nationally and globally as a natural resource of special significance.

The herbicides chosen for consideration in this program pose risks of potential health and environmental harm not fully assessed in the EIR/EIS, and the non-herbicidal methods alone may prove sufficiently effective for the weed control sought. The Proposed Project, Action Alternatives, and the No Action Alternative all could have potentially significant effects to water quality issues (water temperature, turbidity, dispersal of aquatic fragments, changes in pH, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen concentrations) and aquatic community stability (species diversity, species dominance, seasonal succession). The limited herbicide spot-treatment usage as part of the Proposed Project poses substantial localized risks to human health and environment. A full-scale herbicide use throughout the Tahoe Keys lagoons would be seriously detrimental to the Keys and potentially to the broader Lake Tahoe. The Action Alternative 1: Testing of Non-Herbicidal Methods Only would have the least potential for any serious and unwanted effects. Action Alternative 1 is the environmentally best choice and will likely demonstrate the effectiveness of non-herbicidal methods in controlling the aquatic weed problem. TRPA/LRWQCB should select this alternative for the proposed weed control test program.

Separate from the weed test control program, nutrient inputs into the Tahoe Keys from residential and landscape fertilizer use and vehicular (auto and boat) exhaust emissions contribute to the eutrophication and weed problem in the Keys and Lake Tahoe in general. TRPA/LRWQCB should continue and expand existing efforts limiting nutrient inputs that aggravate aquatic weed proliferation in the Tahoe Keys lagoons and will continue to hinder weed control efforts.

Please see comments submitted by Beyond Pesticides, which I support. Thank you for your consideration of these comments.

Sincerely,

(Beyond Pesticides, August 28, 2020) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has granted “emergency” permission to the State of Texas to allow the use of SurfaceWise®2, an unregistered pesticide, as an anti-viral surface coating. The manufacturer, Allied Bioscience, says the compound can kill coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) starting at two hours post application and for up to seven days, but it is not included on EPA’s List N, of disinfectants effective against SARS-CoV-2. EPA has permitted this use via the authority of Section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), which allows for “emergency” use of non-registered pesticides, typically to deal with extreme threats to agricultural activities. It is rarely used for public health emergencies. Beyond Pesticides recognizes the need for protection from transmission of the novel coronavirus, and maintains that it ought to and can be done without exposing people to toxic synthetic pesticides that have not undergone evaluation for safety. See Beyond Pesticides’ guidance on effective and safe precautions against the novel coronavirus.

The Texas Department of Agriculture secured the EPA exemption, making the state the first to do so; Allied BioScience is pursuing this emergency waiver across all 50 states. The exemption grants American Airlines and two health care facilities in the state the ability to use the unregistered pesticide, which is applied by electrostatic spraying. Usually, a Section 18 exemption would be made absent other viable alternatives to address the problem and when there are at least minimal health and environmental safety data available for the compound; neither is the case for SurfaceWise®2.

This one-year use allowance of the product would appear to be a specific exemption more than a response to a public health “emergency.” From the EPA website: “Section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) authorizes EPA to exempt state and federal agencies from certain provisions of FIFRA and allow unregistered uses of pesticides to address emergency conditions. Under such an exemption, EPA allows limited use of a pesticide in defined geographic areas for a finite time, once EPA confirms that the situation meets that statutory definition of ‘emergency condition.’ Section 18 emergency exemptions must be requested by a state or federal agency. Section 18 emergency exemptions are routinely granted for use in agricultural settings involving invasive pest outbreaks, though rarely for public health emergencies.”

EPA’s news release on the exemption says: “SurfaceWise2 is meant to inactivate viruses that land on a surface between regular cleanings. This product is not a replacement for routine cleaning and disinfection with products from EPA’s List N.” In the COVID-19 pandemic, EPA has created its “List N” — disinfectants that meet agency criteria for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) and other coronavirus illnesses, but which are not necessarily evaluated for safety. There are hundreds of compounds listed on List N, which begs the question: what is the “emergency need” for SurfaceWise®2?

Allied BioScience touts the compound as “non-toxic, non-irritating, odorless and contain[ing] no chemicals that produce harmful vapors or gases.” Yet, on EPA’s List N are a legion of products with active ingredients known as quaternary ammonium compounds or “quats,” about which there are toxicity concerns. In fact, roughly half of the List N products contain a quat as the single active ingredient. An active ingredient in SurfaceWise®2 is a quaternary ammonium.

Quats are organic, ionic chemical agents with properties of both surfactants and disinfectants; they have been used in disinfectant products for many years. However, especially over the course of the past decade or so, quats have been linked to a range of human health harms, including increased risks of asthma and allergic response; mutagenicity (e.g., some quats have been shown to damage DNA in human lymphocytes at much lower levels than are present in cleaning chemicals); contact dermatitis and other skin irritation; lowered fertility; and potential and significant disruption of key cellular processes (see more below). The National Institutes of Health designates quaternary ammonium as “asthma-causing and irritable to eyes and skin, flammable and corrosive, harmful to aquatic ecosystems, and persistent in the environment.”

There are also concerns about some quats’ ability to catalyze antibiotic resistance, and impacts on the human respiratory system — of particular concern in the era of COVID-19, which in many people damages lung tissue and compromises oxygen delivery to the body’s cells. The use of quats, which have been on the market since the early 20th century (before EPA began regulating potentially harmful chemicals) should be less facile — particularly during a massive public health pandemic.

University of California, Davis toxicologist Gino Cortopassi, PhD has studied causes of mitochondrial dysfunction for the past decade. Mitochondria are the “power plants” of cells, transforming food into the chemical energy needed for cellular biochemical processes — cellular respiration, or use of oxygen delivered by circulation, being a primary one. Cells use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to store the energy that mitochondria produce. Dr. Cortopassi’s research has found that quats compromise both mitochondrial consumption of oxygen and the creation and storage of ATP. This finding should be a red alert for the use of quat compounds during the COVID-19 pandemic.

As Beyond Pesticides wrote in August 2020, “Individuals and government officials, alike, should observe all chemical ingredients on the disinfectant and sanitizer product labels and look at the use instructions to ensure that the method of use is safe. . . . Additionally, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registers disinfectants as pesticides designed for use on hard surfaces, but not bare skin like sanitizers. It is essential that when EPA weighs risks and benefits of pesticide use, it does not allow harm to those disproportionally impacted by these chemicals like farm/landscape workers and people of color, who may suffer elevated exposure to the virus as essential workers. An evaluation of the contribution of pesticide use and exposure to health outcomes of COVID-19 is urgently needed.” For the facts on meeting health protection needs for disinfection, see Beyond Pesticides’ webpage on Disinfectants and Sanitizers.

Another, earlier iteration of this product, SurfaceWise, is registered as an anti-microbial surface coating, but SurfaceWise®2 is not currently on List N and has not been evaluated by EPA. The manufacturer has not submitted the necessary data to qualify for registration under FIFRA, but EPA notes: “Over the coming months, Allied BioScience will pursue a non-emergency approval under FIFRA Section 3 by submitting additional data to meet EPA’s registration requirements as an antiviral surface coating. If the full registration process is completed, the product would become available for purchase by members of the public.” This would potentially open the door to people using SurfaceWise®2 in their homes, subjecting themselves and their families to chronic and repeated exposures to a product that could make them more vulnerable were they to contract the novel coronavirus.

EPA’s August 24 news release goes on, essentially, to invite more entities to apply for “emergency use” exemptions under Section 18. The news release mentions efficacy, but nowhere is there a word about safety: “EPA anticipates posting information for companies or individuals who are interested in pursuing a FIFRA Section 3 registration for antiviral surface coatings in the coming weeks. In the interim, states or federal agencies interested in pursuing a Section 18 Emergency Exemption Request for products that claim residual efficacy against viruses for up to seven days should be prepared to include efficacy data demonstrating that the product is durable and effective against viruses in their applications. Durability and efficacy should both be evaluated. For example, antiviral efficacy should be assessed using coated surfaces that have been exposed to physical touches/abrasion and treatment with disinfectants. EPA will review the results of these studies to ensure that surface coatings remain effective under the anticipated proposed conditions of use.”

As the public and many, many businesses struggle to find ways to resume economic and other kinds of “normal” activities, there have been pushes both to resume potentially risky activities and to make some of those activities safer — or at least to make them seem safer. American Airlines’ wish to deploy SurfaceWise®2 on its cabin surfaces can be seen as both. Airlines are facing economic hits from generally reduced air travel during the pandemic, and backlash due to images of airlines packing planes full. Many potential travelers, concerned about transmission of the novel coronavirus during flights, have opted not to fly. Yes, SurfaceWise®2 kills the virus. But this “emergency” exemption appears to some extent to be a solution in search of a problem.

In the initial stages of the pandemic, there was much concern about transmission via “fomites” — materials or objects that can transmit infection. Since then, nearly all of the emerging science has indicated that surfaces are very rarely responsible for transmission of the virus. The novel coronavirus is far more commonly transmitted via close personal contact when an infected person coughs, breathes, or speaks, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), than via contaminated surfaces.

Catching the virus while touching a surface would be “quite rare” but not “impossible,” according to The Atlantic magazine. Donald Schaffner, PhD, a food-microbiology professor who studies disease contamination at Rutgers University, told the magazine, “You had clear airborne transmission with many, many opportunities for mass fomite transmission in the same place. But we just didn’t see it. In the entire peer-reviewed covid-19 literature, I’ve found maybe one truly plausible report, in Singapore, of fomite transmission. And even there, it is not a slam-dunk case.”

It is worth noting that one of the touted features of SurfaceWise®2 — its seven-day efficacy — also means that human exposures to it may not be brief or incidental, but could, in the case of a cross-country flight, for example, result in exposure of five or six hours’ duration. Airline workers would also experience chronic exposures to the chemical, which Allied BioScience says “won’t wipe off with repeated cleaning — even with harsh or abrasive chemicals.” As The Washington Post reports, “Health and chemical experts say the cleanser [SurfaceWise®2] might actually harm passengers and flight attendants and do little to protect against the virus, which is mainly transmitted through the air in closed spaces.”

A senior scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council, Jennifer Sass, PhD, comments, “‘It would be great if this was a miracle solution, but it’s not. There’s plenty of risk here and too much we don’t know about how this chemical could actually harm people.’” The WaPo article continues: “[Dr.] Sass said the company’s ‘Material Safety Data Sheet,’ which lists the common hazards of a product, acknowledged concern about prolonged skin and eye contact, both possible in environments such as the cabins of aircraft. The data sheet also does not list tests for chronic or long-term effects, she added. ‘Although acute toxicity seems to be very low, many people will be exposed to it on a daily basis,’ including airline workers.”

Claudia S. Miller, MD, MS, an immunologist, allergist, and professor emeritus at the University of Texas, asserts in the WaPo article: “‘People most vulnerable to the novel coronavirus — those with asthma, chemical intolerances or certain allergies — may have greater irritation from exposure to the disinfectant. . . . I’m very concerned when we’re using chemicals that may affect the more sensitive subset of the population. I don’t like the idea of exposing people to disinfectants on top of this risk of having a virus infect their lungs.’”

Dr. Miller also points out that, “When the coating is sprayed, it emits vapors that could be hazardous, creating risks especially for the workers who apply it. In a contained environment such as an airplane, those vapors could linger without ventilation.” Further, the product’s proposed label instructs those applying the chemical to use personal protective equipment, and to wear long pants, shoes, and socks, and American Airlines will provide to applicators gloves that are resistant to chemicals, as well as approved N95 or KN95 respirators. If the product is safe, why all these precautions? It is notable that neither the original SurfaceWise® nor this newer SurfaceWise®2 shows up in the database of EPA’s Safer Choice / Design for the Environment program, which purports to help “consumers, businesses, and purchasers find products that perform and contain ingredients that are safer for human health and the environment.”

American Airlines is pleased with the emergency exemption, which allows it to advertise that the company is “taking bold measures and using the latest products and technology to help ensure our customers’ well-being when they travel with us. . . . We look forward to also seeing SurfaceWise2 used in offices, schools, gymnasiums and other high-traffic areas to support the nation in safely reopening.” It intends to use SurfaceWise®2 on interior aircraft surfaces, and plans to use the product throughout its fleet, including those in its American Eagle regional partners.

Beyond Pesticides believes that this EPA emergency use exemption, and any that might follow in response to applications from other localities for use of SurfaceWise®2, should be subject to the public comment process required by FIFRA. Federal regulations (§166.24: Public notice of receipt of application and opportunity for public comment) require that, “The Administrator shall issue a notice of receipt in the Federal Register for a specific, quarantine, or public health exemption and request public comment when any one of the following criteria is met:” — which list of criteria includes “a complete application for registration of that use and/or a petition for tolerance for residues in or on the commodity has not been submitted to the Agency.”

That said, because SurfaceWise®2 contains the active ingredient 1-octadecanaminium,N,N-dimethyl-N[3-(trihydroxysilyl)propyl],chloride, which has been used in other registered compounds, EPA might not consider it a new active ingredient — in which case, the agency might argue the public notice and comment requirements does not apply. However, even new uses of active ingredients already registered by EPA must, by law, be subject to review because of new exposure patterns and an assessment of cumulative risk.

Way back in 2002, Beyond Pesticides wrote about this “emergency” loophole in the regulation of toxic pesticides, saying: “Section 18 emergency exemptions provide a loophole by which pesticides are used without the scrutiny provided in the registration process. Through declarations of emergencies and crises, states allow use of pesticides which for several reasons (including lack of a sustainable market due to rapid development of resistance, data gaps, or EPA’s concern about certain risks) cannot be registered for additional uses. EPA has said that pesticides with data gaps will not be allowed to expand their use patterns, but this restriction does not apply to emergency exemptions and special local needs registration.”

Everyone feels beleaguered by this pandemic and its outfalls, and wishes life could return to something nearer “normal.” Yet people’s understandable yearnings for “normal” ought not be exploited by industry or government, particularly to introduce “fixes” that may actually mitigate against human health and well-being. With this emergency exemption, EPA and industry are conducting a dangerous kind of legerdemain: distracting from scientifically supported transmission scenarios with a “solution” for one that barely exists — the vanishingly small possibility that COVID-19 could be spread by contact with contaminated surfaces. Tragically, EPA is doing exactly this and allowing unnecessary exposures to a toxic pesticide in the process.

Beyond Pesticides maintains that during public health emergencies involving infectious diseases, such as the current coronavirus pandemic, it is critical to scrutinize practices and products very carefully so that risks presented by the crisis are not exacerbated by unnecessary threats from toxic products promoted as protective. Again, consult Beyond Pesticides fact sheet on safe protections.

Sources:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/08/25/american-will-be-first-airline-use-coating-that-kills-coronavirus-up-seven-days/?utm_campaign=wp_main&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook, https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/trump-epa-approves-first-ever-long-lasting-antiviral-product-use-against-covid-19, and

https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/08/26/epa-coronavirus-cleaner/

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticide, August 27, 2020) The latest research finds that pesticides and fertilizers supersede fossil fuels as the greatest contributor of sulfur emissions in the environment, according to U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded study, published in Nature Geoscience. Particularly, atmospheric sulfur dioxide and reactive sulfur emissions contribute to sulfur deposition via acidic rain and snow, causing a multitude of human and animal of health problems and environmental degradation. Although some U.S. policy regulations curb sulfur emissions from atmospheric sources, alternative sulfur inputs from agricultural sources can cause similar issues as atmospheric sulfur emissions, including acid rain. With peak sulfur concentrations from agricultural outputs up to ten-fold higher than previous 20th-century sulfur levels, studies like these are significant in understanding how underrepresented pollution sources may contribute to overall environmental pollution. Lead author of the study, Eve-Lyn Hinckley, Ph.D., states, “We have an imperative to understand the impact that we’re having on the environment. And then we need to work together towards solutions to mitigate those effects.”

Sulfur is a naturally occurring element found in vast, underground deposits. Although relatively stable underground, it is highly reactive once it reaches the surface, transforming into chemical compounds, like sulfur oxides, upon exposure to oxygen. Over the last century, the extraction and burning of sulfur in fossil fuels, which releases sulfur into the atmosphere, have had unintended, unnatural effects on the environment, including perturbing (disturbing) the sulfur cycle. Fossil fuel power plants (i.e., coal, petroleum, natural gas) contributed to the largest source of reactive sulfur in the atmosphere in the 1960s and 70s, leading to acid rain and ensuing forest and aquatic ecosystems degradation across America. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the Clean Air Act to regulate air pollution and reduce sulfur levels from atmospheric sources to pre-industrial levels. However, the sulfur cycle perturbation remains high even after the regulating atmospheric sulfur emission as sulfur’s use for crop health and production in agriculture is widespread.

Most research evaluating excess nutrient use in agriculture focuses on nitrogen and phosphorus, which contribute to a plethora of environmental issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions and algal blooms from nutrient runoff. However, there is scant research on the impact of excess sulfur use in agriculture, the risks associated with increased sulfur levels in soil, and how excess sulfur can dampen the natural sulfur cycle. Philip C. Bennett, PhD, program director in NSF’s Division of Earth Sciences, research results,”…illustrate the intertwined nature of natural and human-driven biogeochemical cycles, and reveals new implications of sulfur in our environment, including effects on nutrient availability and runoff, food production and toxic metals.”

To evaluate the impact sulfur emissions have on the sulfur cycle, researchers investigated sulfur concentration across three important U.S. croplands and adjacent water sources: Midwest corn and soy fields, Western California wineries, and Southeast Florida sugar cane fields. Each crop region has varying histories of sulfur deposition, crop treatment, and application, which “highlight many of the same environmental issues and unknowns that persist in intensive crop systems globally.” Additionally, researchers used the Wild River watershed as a reference point to compare sulfur fluxes among each water source. 

According to this paper, each U.S. cropland shows high levels of retained reactive sulfur, with pesticides and fertilizers being the main contributor to environmental sulfur cycle perturbation in croplands. The concentration of sulfur in each cropland region significantly surpasses peak levels of sulfur deposition from past acid rain events. Additionally, areas historically impacted by acid rain, such as the Wild River and waterways adjacent to croplands, have high levels of retained reactive sulfur. This retention is because waterways, such as rivers, were sinks for sulfur, accumulating concentrations of reactive sulfur from acid rain due to its insolubility in water. However, improved air quality regulations and the subsequent decrease in acidic rain events caused reactive sulfur concentration to remain higher in waterways than the surrounding land. Thus, waterways transformed from sulfur sinks to sulfur sources, transporting the element from sulfur-rich water sources to sulfur-limited ecosystems.

Sulfur is an essential nutrient for all organisms, critical for nitrogen uptake by plants and pH balance in the soil, with many crops (i.e., canola, grapes, sugar beets) having a range of sulfur requirements. The use of sulfur as a pesticide or fertilizer is widespread in chemical-intensive and organic farming. Synthetic fertilizers made from fossil fuels are prohibited in organic production, however sulfur as pesticide is permitted as an allowed synthetic input. Although sulfur has the least-toxic effect on human and animal health compared to conventional agrochemicals, manufacturing pesticides or fertilizers using sulfur can still emit harmful sulfur compounds.

Ninety percent of mined sulfur becomes sulfuric acid for agrochemicals like fertilizers. However, when chemical companies roast mined sulfur to convert it to sulfuric acid, they create sulfur dioxide in the process.Sulfur dioxide pollution signifies serious problems in air quality regulations. As a result, EPA is currently facing a lawsuit by environmental groups for failing to enforce air pollution regulations in eight states by allowing local chemical companies to emit dangerous levels of sulfur dioxide. Moreover, EPA-approved, outdated air quality regulations undermine the risk associated with fine-particulate exposure, especially for communities of color. Exposure to sulfur dioxide can cause a variety of health issues, contributing to respiratory disorders like asthma, and lung diseases, especially in children and the elderly. Furthermore, sulfur dioxide pollution is detrimental to environmental health, damaging terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, alike, via acid rain and haze. In addition to sulfur dioxide from pesticide manufacturing, pesticides themselves contribute air pollution as a French study finds the presence of at least thirty-two toxic pesticides, including banned, carcinogen lindane. With a multitude of studies linking poor air quality to the exacerbation of diseases like COVID-19, new or pre-existing health conditions like heart disease, or respiratory illnesses, and even premature death, advocates and scientists say it is vital that government agencies better regulate all sources of harmful emissions to protect human health.  

According to this research, the use of sulfur-based fertilizers and pesticides has a direct relation to an increase in sulfur concentration for the three croplands. Additionally, areas recovering from past acidic rain evens are seeing an increase in sulfuric concentration. Although air quality regulations decrease the atmospheric deposition of sulfur from fossil fuel mediated acid rain, farmers are now searching for direct sulfur inputs from fertilizers and pesticides that they no longer receive from acid rain. However, there is a lack of information on the impact of direct, point-source applications of sulfur into our environment from non-natural sources. As the demand for food increases with the need for more pest preventative measures, it is essential to understand the possible consequences of unregulated chemical use. Additionally, global warming implications associated with the climate crisis can alter chemical states of reactive elements like sulfur. 

Because sulfur use lacks strict monitoring and has strong leaching potential, it can have localized and downstream impacts on ecosystem function (soil degradation), regular chemical cycling (sulfide abundance and methylmercury production), and human health. The long-term effect of elemental sulfur on soil quality suggests a decrease in soil health from sporadic acidification of soils. Additionally, the residence time of sulfur can differ immensely depending on soil type and water availability. California wineries often have higher concentrations of sulfur in soils not only due to the extensive use to combat powdery mildew but because droughts prevent sulfur from leaching elsewhere, resulting in soil acidification. However, leaching can result in unintended chemical transformations of sulfur. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, extensive applications of sulfur to Florida sugar cane fields produced methylmercury—a potent, bioaccumulating, neurotoxin—upon leaching into the Everglades. Additional concerns surrounding exposure from pesticide drift and related health effects showcase the need for better long-term documentation of sulfur exposure, especially in agriculturally adjacent communities. Unfortunately, researchers expect sulfur levels to continue to increase globally in many croplands, with countries like China and India still working to regulate fossil fuel emissions. However, researchers in the paper recommend, “greatly expanded monitoring of sulfur and examination of possible negative impacts of this increase, which include rising levels of mercury in wetlands, soil degradation and a higher risk of asthma for populations in agricultural areas.”

Sulfur is one of the least-toxic alternatives to fungicides, yet excessive use from pesticide and fertilizer applications can have severe consequences for human, animal, and environmental health. Sulfur poses a significant threat to farmworkers, causing the most agriculture-related acute illnesses in California between 1998 and 2000. Additionally, pesticide drift is an omnipresent issue impacting communities surrounding farming operations, and sulfur drift from dust may harm humans, plants, and aquatic systems. Also, the manufacturing of fertilizers and pesticides containing sulfur is associated with sulfur dioxide pollution and its subsequent negative health impacts. Although sulfur use is prevalent in organic agriculture as a pesticide, a complete switch from chemical-intensive agriculture to regenerative organic agriculture can significantly reduce the threat of the climate crisis by eliminating synthetic fertilizer and toxic pesticide use. Furthermore, supporting the use of alternative practices such as polyculture rather than monoculture, mulching around the base of the plant, animal integration, and other organic practices can assist in eliminating the need for pesticides and the likelihood of pesticide drift. For more information about organic food production, visit Beyond Pesticides Keep Organic Strong webpage. Learn more about the adverse health and environmental effects chemical-intensive farming poses for various crops and how eating organic produce reduces pesticide exposure.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source(s): U.S. National Science Foundation, Nature Geoscience

(Beyond Pesticides, August 26, 2020) Neonicotinoid insecticides damage the health of shrimp and oysters, according to two (1, 2) new studies published by Australian researchers. Although this class of chemicals is best known for its hazardous impacts on pollinator populations, it is becoming increasingly clear that the entire food chain is at risk from continued neonicotinoid use. This study builds on an already established body of literature showing these systemic chemicals poison waterways.

Researchers began by collecting samples of shrimp and oysters from growers along the coast, and acclimating the species to laboratory conditions. Both collections were separated into different test groups. Oysters where exposed in their tanks to various concentrations of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. Shrimp were exposed to imidacloprid through two methods: in their feed, and in their tanks. Each separate test group was further separated into high and low exposures. A control group that did not receive any pesticide exposure was also established in each experiment.

For the oyster populations, scientists found a range of negative effects. Imidacloprid inhibits the proper functioning of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, a well-known impact of many pesticides that results in damage to the nervous system. Detoxification mechanisms are activated, and changes are observed in hemocyte counts of oysters exposed to environmentally relevant levels of imidacloprid, indicating damage to immune system functioning.

Regardless of the route of exposure, shrimp are found to bioconcentrate imidacloprid in their bodies at levels up to 350 parts per billion within a period of four days. Changes are also seen to the nutritional composition of the species, as exposed shrimp decrease in weight and fat content. “This laboratory-based study indicates that cultured and wild prawns could be impacted in areas affected by high levels of neonicotinoid pesticide run-off,” said lead author Peter Butcherine in a press release.

The damage imidacloprid causes to shrimp populations is well known. In Washington state during the latter part of the last decade, officials, advocates, and growers became embroiled in a long battle over the safety of spraying imidacloprid to control a small species of native burrowing shrimp to protect oyster populations. After years of dispute, the state Department of Ecology prohibited the use of imidacloprid and established a working group to develop alternative management practices. As the present study shows, while the spray may have killed the native shrimp, it also would likely have long-lasting effects on oyster populations in the region.

“These two studies indicate both crustaceans and molluscs are vulnerable to insecticides, weakening their immune system and leaving them susceptible to disease,” said study co-author Kirsten Benkendorff, PhD.

In 2017, Beyond Pesticides published in its journal the piece Poison Waterways, which highlights widespread contamination of United States surface water with neonicotinoids, and the damage these insecticides are causing as a result. Subsequent research has found that these chemicals are a year-round presence in critically important water bodies like the Great Lakes. The hazards that neonicotinoids pose to aquatic life are so potent that it, not harm to pollinators, became the driving reason for Canada’s phasing out of their use.

Neonicotinoids are long-lived, systemic pesticides that make their way into the vascular system of plants and cannot be washed off. A 2017 assessment by an international group of researchers published a peer-reviewed conclusion finding that these neonicotinoids can cause harm to nearly every taxonomic group of animals. In addition to insects, pollinators and aquatic species, declines in bird species implicates neonicotinoids, mammals like deer display decreased body weight and certain malformations after exposure, and amphibians delay metamorphosis from environmentally relevant levels.

Human health is not spared from the ill effects of these pesticides. In addition to current findings that the insecticides decrease the nutritional benefit of certain species, research published last year links neonicotinoid exposure to breast cancer. In its decision to ban neonicotinoids, the European Union noted the potential of these pesticides to contaminate drinking water sources, and cause neurotoxicity, reproductive changes, and kidney and liver damage.  

The results of this study and the broad body of science available on neonicotinoids shows that passing the Saving America’s Pollinators Act is about more than saving pollinators. Eliminating these insecticides and moving toward safer, organic practices will not only protect pollinators, but the entire web of life on which human society depends. Learn more about the dangers pesticides pose to wildlife on Beyond Pesticides’ Wildlife page. Take action and tell your elected officials to sponsor the HR1337, the Saving America’s Pollinators Act through this link.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Southern Cross University Press Release

(Beyond Pesticides, August 25, 2020) The City of Gaithersburg, MD has chosen to opt-in to Montgomery County’s Healthy Lawns Act, restricting toxic pesticide use on public and private property. According to the local Patch, the mayor and City Council voted to adopt the law in mid-August, and it will take effect for all residents and businesses in city on December 1. Although Montgomery County passed the Healthy Lawns Act approximately five years ago, incorporated cities within the county are required to proactively opt-in to the law for it to apply within their jurisdiction.

Gaithersburg is the latest, and largest city to opt-in to the county’s law, which encourages organic practices by limiting pesticide use on lawns and landscapes to products that are certified organic or considered minimum risk by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In mid-June, the Town of Garrett Park also opted in to the law, according to reports. Advocates are advocating that all cities within Montgomery County adopt the law.

The same group of grassroots advocates that pushed Montgomery County leaders to adopt its Healthy Lawns Act years ago is also leading the push for opt-ins. Safe Grow Montgomery, a group of concerned mothers and fathers working for a safer environment for themselves and their families, has shown county, state, and national leaders what can be accomplished with hard work and persistence. Rather than step back after passing an historic pesticide policy, advocates at Safe Grow Montgomery have continued to engage with local leaders to ensure proper implementation of the law and defend against ongoing attacks.

“The fact that Gaithersburg has opted in unanimously to Healthy Lawns Act makes me so very happy,” said Alex Stavitsky-Zeineddin of Safe Grow Montgomery. “I personally have spent 10 years educating and advocating about the health concerns due to exposure to pesticides used in lawn care here in Gaithersburg, and Montgomery County, MD. Thank you to all the councilmembers, both in Montgomery County and locally here in Gaithersburg that understand how important it is to protect the health of their constituents by enacting laws such as Healthy Lawns Act.”

In addition to local opt-ins, other Maryland counties and large cities are looking closely at the approach established by Montgomery County and considering their own healthy lawn care ordinances. Prince George’s County, MD is considering Ordinance CB-08-2020, which tracks closely Montgomery County’s law. The City of Baltimore, MD is considering Ordinance 20-0495, also follows Montgomery County’s law, but includes additional restrictions on the hazardous well-known neonicotinoid pesticides, glyphosate, and chlorpyrifos.

This flurry of local activity is the result of the dust finally settling on the legality of Montgomery County’s approach to pesticide regulation. For five years since the initial passage of the Healthy Lawns Act in 2015, aspects of Montgomery County’s law applying to private property were held in the courts due to a legal challenge by the pesticide industry. The suit, led by TruGreen and the pesticide industry front group Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment, alleged that local jurisdictions in the state of Maryland were implicitly preempted from enacting a law stricter than state pesticide law. Despite a history of state lawmakers rejecting the preemption of local communities over pesticide use, the industry argued that the state filled the void and that there was no room for additional local protections aimed at safeguarding public health and the environment.

A 2017 ruling for an elected state District Court Judge struck down the law, dealing a significant setback. But the County Council quickly appealed the decision, noting that it had received hundreds of letters in support of lawmakers appealing the decision. Beyond Pesticides joined with Safe Grow Montgomery and several other state and national groups to file an Amicus brief defending the right of Montgomery County and other local jurisdictions in Maryland to enact laws that protect their unique local environments from toxic pesticides.   

After another two years of court proceedings, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals reversed the District Court decision and granted Montgomery County the right to restrict pesticides on all property in its jurisdiction. The industry appealed the decision but was met with a swift dismissal from the state’s highest court (the Maryland Court of Appeals). With the court case now settled, communities in the state that had long wished to address toxic pesticide use affecting their resident’s health or poisoning local wildlife, are now empowered to do so.

Advocates in Maryland are strongly encouraged to engage with their local leaders to pass a strong pesticide policy. Beyond Pesticides has supported the efforts in Gaithersburg, Baltimore, and Prince George’s County through expert testimony and comments (1,2,3). For those outside of Maryland, even if you’re in a state with explicit preemption, you can still pass meaningful laws that fight back against unnecessary pesticide use. To get started, see Beyond Pesticides’ Lawn and Landscape Tools for Change.

Communities across the U.S. are considering healthy lawn care policies. Beyond Pesticides’ Map of U.S. Pesticide Reform Policies lists over 150 communities in 23 states that restrict chemical pesticide use. Take the pledge to make your community the next on the map!

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Gaithersburg Patch

(Beyond Pesticides, August 24, 2020) USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) announced on August 10 that it will be reducing reimbursement rates for the organic certification cost share program, which provides reimbursements to organic farms and handling operations. The August 10 Federal Register notice stated that FSA is “revising the reimbursement amount to 50 percent of the certified organic operation’s eligible expenses, up to a maximum of $500 per scope.” The 2018 Farm Bill clearly set reimbursement rates at 75% of the certified organic operation’s eligible expenses, up to a maximum of $750 per regulated activity. This change hurts the transition to organic production at a time when it is crucial that the organic sector grows—eliminating petroleum-based pesticides and synthetic fertilizers that are contributing to devastating pollution, the climate crisis, and biodiversity decline.

This action by USDA is unwarranted and completely unacceptable. The 2018 Farm Bill provided new funding for the program and also directed USDA to use the program’s carryover balances from previous years to fund the program for fiscal years 2019 through 2023. Given these sources of funding, there should be plenty of funds available for the program’s operation in fiscal year 2020. Either USDA’s accounting for this program is flawed or the agency has decided to disregard the Congressional funding directives in the 2018 Farm Bill. In addition, the FSA has done a huge disservice to the organic community in this time of crisis by delaying the release of funds by many months while organic operations struggle to stay in business as they weather a pandemic and loss of markets. Organic, direct market, and diversified operations have largely been excluded from existing USDA pandemic relief programs, including the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program, while the top 1% of recipients got more than 20% of the money, totaling $1.2 billion.

Organic operations should apply for certification cost-share assistance as soon as they are able to do so with their state agency or local FSA office. Operations have until October 31, 2020 to apply for funding. FSA has stated that “if additional funding is authorized at a later time, FSA may provide additional assistance to certified operations that have applied” for the organic certification cost share program.

TAKE ACTION: Tell Congress to restore organic funding taken away by USDA.

Letter to Congress

I am writing to express my outrage that USDA’s Farm Service Agency has chosen to reduce support for the organic certification cost share program in the midst of a pandemic. The organic certification cost share program provides organic farmers and handling operations with modest reimbursement of up to $750 to cover a portion of their annual certification fees. This decision was announced via an August 10 Federal Register notice that stated FSA is “revising the reimbursement amount to 50 percent of the certified organic operation’s eligible expenses, up to a maximum of $500 per scope.”

This unilateral action by USDA is unwarranted and completely unacceptable and disregards the Congressional funding directives in the 2018 Farm Bill. The 2018 Farm Bill clearly set reimbursement rates at 75% of the certified organic operation’s eligible expenses, up to a maximum of $750 per scope.

In addition, the FSA has done a huge disservice to the organic community in this time of crisis by delaying the release of funds by many months while organic operations struggle to stay in business as they weather a pandemic and loss of markets. Organic, direct market, and diversified operations have largely been excluded from existing USDA pandemic relief programs, including the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program, while the top 1% of recipients got more than 20% of the money, totaling $1.2 billion.

If the USDA wants organic farms and our regional economies to survive and thrive, it should be helping organic operations during the pandemic. Producers and other organic operations need this support now more than ever because they are faced with loss of markets due to COVID-19 and increasing costs as they modify their operations to keep workers and customers safe and implement new sanitation and staffing procedures.

I urge you to communicate with FSA to ensure that the full organic certification cost share reimbursement is reinstated. In addition, given USDA’s delay in announcing the funding availability, I urge you to extend the deadlines for state agencies to apply to administer the program, and for organic operations to apply for the assistance.

Please sign onto the letter from Representatives Plaskett, Davis, Brindisi, and Newhouse urging USDA to reinstate the maximum reimbursement rate for the organic certification cost share program, as well as extend all applicable program deadlines to ensure that farmers who are still dealing with COVID-19 impacts have ample time to access these funds.

To sign onto the letter, you can contact Tiana Thomas in Rep. Plaskett’s office ([email protected]), Robert Dougherty in Rep. Brindisi’s office ([email protected]), Janie Costa in Rep. Rodney Davis’ office ([email protected]), or Travis Martinez in Rep. Newhouse’s office ([email protected]). The letter will close at COB on Monday, August 24.

Thank you.

(Beyond Pesticides, August 21, 2020) A foundational study of the toxic insecticide chlorpyrifos left critical data out of its analysis, resulting in decades of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) “safe exposure limit” that is flat out wrong, new research says. That 1972 study concluded that the amount of the chemical to which a human could be exposed before adverse effects showed up (the “no observed adverse effect level,” or NOAEL) was more than twice as high as should have been determined had the study not ignored critical data. In addition, the study points to the perennial “fox and hen house” issues at EPA, which include using research commissioned, funded, or even conducted by industry as any basis for regulation. For years, Beyond Pesticides has rung the alarm on this very dangerous pesticide, and advocated for its ban nationwide.

News of this omission from the 1972 “Coulston Study” comes from a team out of the University of Washington. The researchers re-analyzed that human intentional dosing study using both the original statistical methods and modern computational tools that did not exist in the 1970s. (An important side note: such a study is unethical by current research standards.) The new analysis finds two significant flaws: (1) the study design made it less able to identify a treatment effect (an impact of the study subjects’ intentional exposure to chlorpyrifos), and (2) the researchers’ omission of valid and important data obscured a treatment effect that would otherwise have been identified.

In the study paper, the co-authors say plainly, “The Coulston Study misled regulators by omitting valid data for the key treatment group . . . resulting in a finding of no effect. Our updated analysis indicates that even the lowest dose was unlikely to be a NOAEL. A proper analysis of the Coulston Study would have lowered or eliminated the NOAEL. Either action would have reduced the acceptable dose for chlorpyrifos, and may well have led to more restrictions on its use, particularly in scenarios where infants and children were exposed. . . . An earlier reduction in the NOAEL and increased exposure mitigation would have likely reduced the incidence of adverse health effects in children of that era. It is tragic that an omission of valid data from the analysis of the Coulston Study may have adversely impacted public health for at least 15 years.”

Put simply: the “acceptable” chlorpyrifos exposure level established by EPA, on the basis of the 1972 research, was much higher than it should have been, and likely led to many, many dangerous exposures for children, in particular. Lead author Lianne Sheppard, PhD, commented, “This has huge public health implications. This study was the basis of policy for over 15 years and because it concluded that the ‘no observed adverse effect level’ was more than twice as high as it should have been, the standard was a lot less protective than it should have been.”

Chlorpyrifos is a widely deployed and much criticized organophosphate insecticide that has been used on agricultural crops, for turf management, to treat non-structural wood products, and for control of roaches, ants, and adult mosquitoes. Developed as an agricultural pesticide, its use expanded from the 1970s through the 1990s, including approvals for in-home applications. The compound is a central and peripheral nervous system poison and is clearly dangerous. It damages the brains of young children, causing impairment to cognitive function, lower IQs, attention deficit disorder, developmental delays, and other learning and developmental disorders. It can cause damage to human reproductive, endocrine, renal, hepatic, and immune function. Chronic exposure has been linked to the development of lung cancer. In addition, chlorpyrifos is toxic to birds, fish, aquatic organisms, and bees.

In areas where it is used, chlorpyrifos can contaminate indoor air, surface water, and food crops (most commonly, almonds, cotton, citrus, grapes, corn, broccoli, sugar beets, peaches, nectarines, soybeans, Brussels sprouts, cranberries, alfalfa, peanuts, sunflowers, and tree nuts). Farmworkers and their families, as well as pregnant women in such agricultural areas, are at particular risk for damage from the chemical and its drift.

EPA has been sued repeatedly for its allowance of chlorpyrifos use, and has employed epic levels of foot dragging in responding to petitioners and to court orders. Highlights of the litigation and regulatory landscape include many fits and starts over the past two decades. Chlorpyrifos was first registered as an insecticide in 1965. After wide allowances for use during the 1970s, ’80s, and ’90s, EPA banned household uses of the compound (except for ant and roach baits) in 2000. Two years later, the agency reduced allowable application frequencies for a number of food crops. A decade after that, EPA created “buffer zones” around agricultural fields close to “sensitive” sites, such as schools, playing fields, parks, public sidewalks, residences, hospitals, and nursing homes.

In 2015 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered EPA to respond to a petition by the Natural Resources Defense Council and Pesticide Action Network North America to ban all uses of chlorpyrifos. Following that, EPA proposed to revoke all food tolerances for the compound. In March of 2017, the newly installed Trump administration’s EPA contravened the conclusions of its own scientists, as well as those of independent researchers, by reversing that 2015 decision to revoke food residue tolerances because of the chemical’s neurotoxic impacts. In a suit brought by a coalition of labor and health organizations represented by EarthJustice, in 2018 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered EPA to finalize its ban on chlorpyrifos. In April 2019, the Ninth Circuit gave EPA 90 days to justify a decision to allow chlorpyrifos to remain on the market. In July of that year, EPA announced it would allow continued use of the toxic pesticide.

Absent protective action by EPA, some states have acted on this toxic threat. Hawaii became the first state to ban chlorpyrifos in 2018. In 2019, six states (California, New York, Massachusetts, Washington, Maryland, and Vermont) sued EPA, arguing that chlorpyrifos should be banned because of the dangers of its use to people’s health. Also in 2019, the New York State legislature voted to phase out and eventually ban use of the neurotoxic insecticide. Maryland passed a limited ban in 2020.

In February of 2020, Corteva AgriScience (formerly DowDuPont), the largest manufacturer of chlorpyrifos pesticide products, announced that it would cease production of those products by the end of 2020, citing declining sales as the reason for the move — no doubt fueled by both states’ actions and momentum against use of the products because of their dire health consequences. The problem behind that welcome news is the difference between one company stopping production and EPA cancellation of the registration of chlorpyrifos. Continued EPA registration permits other generic manufacturers to continue to produce and sell such products.

The UW researchers charge that “Decades of exposure to chlorpyrifos and all the political wrangling and lawsuits surrounding it might have been averted if a 1972 study had been adequately reviewed by the EPA. . . . The EPA also did not re-analyze the study data when new statistical techniques became available a few years later [in the 1980s].” UW News reports that if the Coulston data had been re-evaluated with the newer statistical tools that became available in the ‘80s (as should have been done, and as the UW researchers did), “EPA’s reviewers would have seen that chlorpyrifos’ effect on the body’s chemistry accumulated over time and that the study had not discovered the ‘no observed adverse effect level’ used by regulators to set safe levels of exposure.” Dr. Sheppard commented, “All kinds of approvals were allowed for uses that never should have been allowed and quite well wouldn’t have been allowed if the Coulston study authors had properly reported their results.”

The co-authors note that their re-analysis points to issues of concern beyond those specific to chlorpyrifos. One is that EPA reliance on research results that have not been properly peer reviewed can endanger public health. As they write, “The original analysis, conducted by Dow-employed statisticians, did not undergo formal peer review; nevertheless, EPA cited the Coulston study as credible research and kept its reported NOAEL as a point of departure for risk assessments throughout much of the 1980s and 1990s. During that period, EPA allowed chlorpyrifos to be registered for multiple residential uses that were later cancelled to reduce potential health impacts to children and infants. Had appropriate analyses been employed in the evaluation of this study, it is likely that many of those registered uses of chlorpyrifos would not have been authorized by EPA.”

Emeritus professor in the UW School of Public Health’s Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Dr. Richard Fenske, notes that the reasons for the failure of EPA to review the Coulston study — when EPA began a supposedly systematic review of such older studies in 2006 by its inaugural Human Studies Review Board — are a mystery. That said, UW News reports that when EPA began that review of such human-subject studies, the chief manufacturer of chlorpyrifos products (then Dow Chemical) specifically pulled that study from the review process, according to Dr. Fenske, a member of the initial review board. “You can speculate why they did, but they formally asked the Human Studies Review Board not to review this study and so it was never reviewed.”

Dr. Fenske also said, “It is a cautionary tale that data being submitted for pesticide registration may not have undergone proper review, and that could be happening today.” Dr. Sheppard aserted that, minimally, studies funded by companies developing a chemical that is under review need to be opened to outside scrutiny, adding, “I’m not sure industry should be doing these studies at all. I don’t think the fox should be guarding the hen house.”

Sources: https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/08/18/data-omission-in-key-epa-insecticide-study-shows-need-for-review-of-industry-analysis/ and https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412020318602#!

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, August 20, 2020) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including banned and current-use pesticides are present in snow and ice on top of Arctic glaciers, according to the study, “Atmospheric Deposition of Organochlorine Pesticides and Industrial Compounds to Seasonal Surface Snow at Four Glacier Sites on Svalbard, 2013–2014,” published in Environmental Science & Technology. Past research finds that air contaminated with these environmentally bioaccumulative, toxic chemicals drift toward the poles, becoming entrapped in ice under the accumulating snowfall. As the global climate continues to rise and the climate crisis worsens, studies like this become significant, as glaciers encapsulating these toxic chemicals are melting. Upon melting, some chemicals can volatize back into the atmosphere releasing toxicants into air and aquatic systems, with the ensuing consequences. Although this research demonstrates that specific computer programs can track the trajectory of chemically contaminated air parcels with practical precision, it falls to global leaders to curtail the continued manufacturing of these chemical pollutants. [For related pieces, see Silent Snow: The unimaginable impact of toxic chemical use and DDT in Glacial Melt Puts Alaskan Communities at Risk.]

Countless scientists consider Arctic environments to be “pristine,” void of direct chemical inputs from pesticides and other POPs. However, the Arctic has become a sink for these toxic chemicals, as studies find evidence that airborne Arctic POPs concentrations are comparable to that of industrialized regions like the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Additional investigations find the presence of POPs in soil and ice samples taken from Arctic regions. The problem is escalating, despite the 2001 Stockholm Convention—a global treaty to eliminate POPs— signed by 183 countries and the European Union, but not the United States. While various POPs on the Stockholm Convention annex lists are no longer manufactured or utilized, POPs still mobilize and accumulate in regions void of industrial or agricultural activities, like glacier tops and remote territories. As the Convention states, “Given their long-range transport, no one government acting alone can protect its citizens or its environment from POPs.” Although a plethora of studies document chemical pollution in the Arctic, researchers note that, “[T]his study represents the first attempt to understand how atmospheric pollutants are captured by snow and deposited at high-elevation glacial sites.”

This study quantifies POPs accumulation deposited on Arctic snow over one winter using four glaciers of various altitudes (Holtedahlfonna, Kongsvegen, Lomonosovfonna, and Austfonna) across Svalbard (a Norwegian archipelago). While the presence of POPs in Arctic air is well-known, much less is understood about atmospheric deposition. To identify what chemicals are present, researchers collected and analyzed 12 snow samples from each glacier site, surveying for 36 pesticides and seven industrial chemicals with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC−high-resolution MS). To assess contamination variability between glacial sites, researchers used a Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to evaluate long-range atmospheric transport by measuring how frequently POPs-contaminated air masses came from source areas to sampling sites.

All seven industrial chemicals and thirteen pesticides are detectable at all glacier sampling sites, with the total fluctuation of pesticide concentrations greater than industrial chemicals at all sites, according to the study. The seven industrial chemicals include hexachlorobutadiene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-T4CB, pentachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorodimethoxybenene, and hexachlorobenzene. The thirteen pesticides include heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide B, aldrin, α-and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), chlorpyrifos, trans- and cis-chlordane, 4,4′-DDE, dieldrin, dacthal (DCPA), trans-nonachlor, and α-endosulfan. Chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, and trans-chlordane dominate most Arctic areas, accounting for at least 50% of the total pesticide concentrations at each sample site. As for air mass variability among glacial sites, Austfonna has the most frequent long-distance transport of air masses, suggesting that air masses circulate in this area for a majority of the time during winter from sources other than the local sampling sites.

The Arctic is highly susceptible to global pollution, as warmer air contaminated with industrial and agricultural chemicals from manufacturing regions move poleward toward cooler air. Pollutants, like POPs, condense on snowflakes, high in the atmosphere, and deposit onto the Arctic surface. Although deposition of these chemicals via long-range atmospheric transport and condensation are significant contributors to Arctic contamination, the chemical properties allowing these substances to persist in the environment so long are concerning. Some of these long-lived chemicals include regionally banned pesticides like DDT, heptachlor, and lindane, which are highly toxic to humans and animals, causing a range of adverse effects, from respiratory issues, nervous system disorders, birth deformities, to various common and uncommon cancers. Although some but not all manufacturing and use of specific POPs have declined in the U.S., POPs remain a global issue, as much of the developing world still reports usage. Continued use of POPs will result in an increased probability of long-range transport of these chemicals for deposition on Arctic glacier tops via precipitation. According to Brettania Walker, PhD, Toxics Officer at World Wildlife Fund’s Arctic Program, “Not only is chemical contamination increasing in the Arctic, but also modern chemicals are now appearing in many arctic species alongside older chemicals, some of them banned for over [30] years.”

As the concentration of POPs increases in the Arctic, the climate crisis adds another level of concern, especially regarding passive pesticide exposure from snowmelt. Pesticide contamination is already an issue in the U.S., as results of the United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) and National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) studies show that pesticides and their degradants are present in U.S. streams and widespread in groundwater throughout the country. Furthermore, a recent study shows Chicago-based black women consuming more glasses of tap water per day have residues of the DDT metabolite (DDE’) in their system. However, the glacial melting caused by the climate crisis will only add to water source contamination, as the release of volatile POPs will enter waterways at the same concentration levels as before ice entrapment, even after several decades.

Many POPs are not soluble in water, but bioaccumulate in the fatty tissue of many Arctic species, such as polar bears, seals, whale, and some fatty fish like salmon, herring, and catfish. Arctic penguins’ blubber contains levels of DDT similar to when the product was initially banned more than 30 years ago. Unfortunately, some indigenous tribes in Arctic regions rely on these very mammals and fish for sustenance, and ingesting these pollutants is inevitable, putting their health at risk. Higher bodily concentrations of POPs is evident in those who consume contaminated meat with associated health risks, including immune system disorder, increased susceptibility to disease, central nervous system disorders, learning disabilities among children, reproductive issue, and cancer. Studies find that adults and children who regularly consume fish from contaminated streams are at increased risk of cancer from dietary and cumulative exposure, in many cases above EPA thresholds.

As global warming progresses and the melting glaciers release more POPs into waterways, exposure concerns will increase significantly, especially for children who are more vulnerable to toxic effects of chemical exposure. To mitigate the risks associated with chemical exposure from toxic pesticides, advocates say that the manufacturing and use of pesticides must be addressed first and foremost. Recently, agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers overtook the fossil fuel industry as the leading contributor of environmental sulfur emissions. If pesticide use and manufacturing are amplifying the impacts of the climate crisis, advocates argue that it is essential to incite change at the point source via enhanced pesticide policy and regulation that eliminates use.

Chlorpyrifos and dacthal are the two pesticides from the study that are in current use in the U.S., with chlorpyrifos being the more abundant of the two chemicals. In 2000, EPA negotiated to withdraw chlorpyrifos from most residential markets, due to the neurotoxic effects on children. However, uses in agriculture, on golf courses, and for public health mosquito management continue. Human exposure to this chemical can induce endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, fetal defects, neurotoxic damage, and kidney/liver damage. While the U.S. manufacturer, Corteva (formerly DowDupont) decided to stop chlorpyrifos production at the end of 2020, it is maintaining its registration with EPA as generic manufacturers will  continue production. Three states—Hawaii, California, New York—and the European Union have adopted some form of phase out or restriction of its agricultural uses. After passing legislation in Maryland to restrict chlorpyrifos use, the bill is awaiting the Governor’s signature. Dacthal, on the other hand, remains in production and has possible links to skin and eye irritation, liver/kidney damage, and cancer.

As global warming associated with the climate crisis continues to melt glaciers, banned and current-use pesticides pose a risk to human and animal health upon release into the atmosphere and waterways. Lack of adequate persistent pesticide regulations highlights the need for better policies surrounding pesticide use, especially when a toxic pesticide is banned for use in the U.S., but not for production and export to other countries. 

A switch from chemical-intensive agriculture to regenerative organic agriculture can significantly reduce the threat of the climate crisis by eliminating toxic, petroleum-based pesticide use, building soil health, and sequestering carbon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) finds that agriculture, forestry, and other land use contributes about 23% of total net anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, while organic production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and sequesters carbon in the soil. Learn more about how it is possible to sequester more than 100% of current annual CO2 emissions by switching to organic management practices by reading Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change: A Down-to-Earth Solution to Global Warming. For more information about organic food production, visit Beyond Pesticides Keep Organic Strong webpage. Learn more about the adverse health and environmental effects chemical-intensive farming poses for various crops and how eating organic produce reduces pesticide exposure.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source(s): Earth Institute | Columbia University,  Environmental Science & Technology

(Beyond Pesticides, August 19, 2020) Stranded dolphins and whales along the United States Eastern Seaboard contain herbicides, disinfectants, plastics, and heavy metals, research published in Frontiers of Marine Science finds. The witches brew of toxins is likely contributing to ill health among these ecologically important, intelligent, and charismatic species, and may be playing a role in the occurrence of strandings. “It’s really hard to judge, when an animal strands, if the toxins in the animal were related to why it stranded,” said James Sullivan, PhD, executive director of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in Florida, which participated in the study, to UPI. “But these health problems do stack up. The animal is much more susceptible to succumbing to natural disease and environmental problems, just like humans are more likely to get ill from coronavirus if they have underlying conditions.”

Dr. Sullivan’s statement rings true across a range of impacts resulting from chemical exposure or other stressors – while an individual may not be killed outright, weakening that occurs after exposure can significantly affect long term fitness in the wild. Eventually, these effects can add up to significant population declines. Unfortunately, this phenomenon in the natural world is often presented as “mysterious” by the press. Concern over toxic exposures are often glossed over in the context of a regulatory system that focuses primarily on acute effects, permits certain levels of risk from exposure, and continues to neglect full accounting of the externalities caused by chemical use.

In order to understand the range of stressors dolphins had been exposed to, researchers collected tissue samples in coordination with existing marine mammal stranding networks along the East Coast. Over 60 blubber and liver samples from 83 different animals were tested in the lab for the herbicide atrazine, antimicrobial disinfectant triclosan, concentrations of PCB, bisphenol-A (BPA), diethyl phthalates, nonylphenol monoethoxylate [NPE], and a range of heavy metals, including arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and lead.

Bottlenose dolphins were found to have high levels of triclosan in their bodies, second only to BPA. Both dolphins and pygmy sperm whales tested had lower levels of atrazine, but detections were not insignificant. Triclosan, atrazine, and BPA have each been shown to disrupt the endocrine (hormonal) system in a range of animals, including mammals, at infinitesimally small levels of exposure. However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has yet to regulate chemicals for this criteria, despite an over 20 year old mandate from Congress to do so.

Levels of other harmful compounds, such as heavy metals, were also of concern. These exposures appear to differ based on location. For example, dolphins found stranded along the Florida coast are more likely to contain high levels of lead and mercury when compared to dolphins found along North Carolina. The difference is likely attributed to habitat. Dolphins stranded in North Carolina likely spend most of their lives in the open ocean, while a number of Florida dolphin populations live and feed near the shore, where they are more exposed to human runoff and pollution.  

“Some of the mercury levels we found were the highest found anywhere in the world,” said study coauthor Justin Perrault, PhD. “It is eye-opening. To see the levels of some of these contaminants is alarming.”

Researchers also looked at tissue samples for evidence of disease, documenting abnormal cell growth, hepatitis, fibrosis, and disfunction in the lymphatic system and thyroid glands. In sum, the data appear to indicate that many dolphins are likely dealing with a range of underlying health conditions prior to the stranding incident that killed them.

The present study is the first to observe and detect certain chemicals like atrazine in the bodies of dolphins and whales, but several prior studies have shown cause for concern. As far back as 2009, scientists had detected triclosan in bottlenose dolphins sampled in Florida and South Carolina. Two studies, one published in 2016 and another in 2019, found dolphins along the Eastern Seaboard carrying chemicals considered to be trade secrets by the pesticide industry.  

“We must do our part to reduce the amount of toxicants that enter into our marine environment, which have important health and environmental implications not just for marine life but for humans,” said Page-Karjian, PhD, lead author and researcher from the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at the Florida Atlantic University, in a press release. “These chemicals work their way up through the food chain and get more concentrated the higher up they go. When dolphins and whales eat fish with concentrations of the chemicals, the toxic elements enter their bodies. Dolphins eat a variety of fish and shrimp in these marine environments and so do humans.”

In many ways, animals are acting as sentient species for chemical contamination. Unless more is done to address this pollution, humans are likely to see similar declines in general health, fitness, and well-being. We cannot simply continue observe while ecosystems are poisoned – science points the way, but it is the job of informed residents of the United States to act in a way that protects public health and the wider environment. Learn more about the dangers pesticides pose to wildlife and what you can do through Beyond Pesticides’ wildlife program page.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Frontiers in Marine Science, UPI

(Beyond Pesticides, August 18, 2020) Ongoing declines in bird population and diversity are being accelerated by the use of neonicotinoid insecticides, according to research published in Nature Sustainability earlier this month. The paper comes on the heels of a groundbreaking study released last year, finding that the United States has lost 3 billion birds since 1970, a roughly 30% decrease from that time. This new research adds further detail to losses that have occurred within the last decade, as farming patterns have shifted increasingly to the use of pesticide-coated seeds that poison.

Researchers used an extensive dataset from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, a project maintained by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The project takes regular counts of bird species along 2,953 survey routes established throughout North America, accounting for dozens of both grassland and insectivorous birds, and over 630 non-grassland species. Pesticides were weighted for their toxicity to birds, and researchers produced an empirical analysis using regression models in order to establish a casual relationship between neonicotinoid use and bird populations.

Using these models, researchers determined that for every 100kg (220 lbs) increase in the use of any neonicotinoid within a US county, grassland bird populations subsequently decrease by 2.2%, and 1.4% of non-grassland birds die-off. Similarly, 1.6% insect-eating birds are lost, and 1.5% of non-insectivorous species are killed off. Species richness, the number of different bird species in a given area, and species evenness, determined by the relative abundance of different species, also decline as neonicotinoid use increases.

The numbers above are static scenarios. Dynamic modeling, which includes a ‘lagged variable’ useful in accounting for how population declines in the year before affect current-year declines, show cause for even greater concern. Researchers determined that from 2008 to 2014, neonicotinoids accounted for declines of 4% per year in grassland bird species, totaling nearly 10% over the six year time frame. Insect-eating birds declined at a slightly lower rate of 2% per year, and 4% total, while non-grassland and non-insectivorous birds declined 1% per year, 2% in total.

“Anything that can have an impact beyond what the target species are is concerning,” said study coauthor Madhu Khanna, PhD, of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to the Guardian. “Given the integrated nature of our ecosystem, the loss of any one part adversely affects the whole.”

The study acts as a culmination of several threads of ongoing research into the impacts of neonicotinoids on bird populations. As far back as 2013, when data for the current study was still being collected, the American Bird Conservancy published a report finding that just a single kernel of neonicotinoid-coated corn contained enough to kill a songbird. Renown ornithologist Pierre Mineau, PhD, sounded the alarm through a study in PLOS One, indicating that acutely toxic pesticides should be considered a critical aspect of grassland bird declines.

A 2014 study by scientists in the Netherlands found results similar to the current study as well. In areas where water was found to be concentrated with high levels of imidacloprid, birds populations were found to decline by an average of roughly 3.5% per year.

A 2017 study found that neonicotinoids like imidacloprid had the ability to disrupt songbird migration, making it more likely that a bird will die during its perilous migration route. And these data were confirmed by a 2019 study, which confirmed that, like pollinators, neonicotinoids are usually not killing migratory birds outright, but instead precipitating a cascade of sublethal impacts that reduces their fitness in the wild, and makes them more likely to die or be killed.

It is evident that the insect apocalypse is beginning to move up the food chain. As we approach irrefutable proof linking neonicotinoid use not only to pollinator declines, but also declines in beloved U.S. birds, we must reckon with an administration completely uninterested in protecting environmental health. Not only has the Trump administration refused to place even modest restrictions on neonicotinoid insecticides, it has rolled back prior safeguards that banned pesticide-treated seeds and genetically engineered crops on wildlife refuges. Thus, even the nation’s “wild” public lands represent a threat to America’s birds.

A bill in Congress, Saving America’s Pollinators Act, championed by Representative Earl Blumenauer (D-OR), would put a stop to all neonicotinoid use, and establish an independent advisory board to consider further actions to protect pollinators (and, by extension birds and other wildlife). Take Action today to urge your member of Congress to join in support of this critical legislation.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Nature Sustainability, The Guardian