(Beyond Pesticides, November 16, 2023) A study published in the Journal of Endocrinological Investigation finds exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos and other organophosphates (OPs) has a positive association with the development of erectile dysfunction (ED). Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the difficulty of getting or keeping an erection. Despite occurring in males later in life (between 40 and 70 years), recent studies highlight this issue emerging among adolescents, highlighting possible hormone imbalances not associated with age. Scientists and health officials already associate pesticide exposure with a decrease in male fertility, including reduced sperm count, quality, and abnormal sperm development. Exposure to many pesticides also profoundly impacts the endocrine (hormone) system, including reproductive health.

Globally, ED is increasing, with over 300 million men expected to have ED by 2025. Although age and comorbid conditions (e.g., obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) play a role in ED prognosis, studies, including this one, suggest environmental contaminant exposure can also explain the increasing trend in ED. The study notes, “Future studies are warranted to corroborate these findings, determine clinical significance, and to investigate biological mechanisms underlying these associations.”

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), researchers investigated urinary levels of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of the most common OP insecticide chlorpyrifos. Researchers compared urinary levels to patients who experienced ED, responding to a questionnaire indicating if the individuals were “sometimes able” or “never able” to achieve an erection. A linear and logistic regression compared sociodemographic variables between chlorpyrifos exposure to identify risk factors for exposure and ED and analyze the relationship between TCPy and ED. Of the 671 male patients in the study, about 37 percent have ED, with smoking, diabetes, aging, identifying as Mexican–American, and physical inactivity having the highest association with ED prevalence. However, the study highlights the increased odds of ED among individuals exposed to chlorpyrifos, with the risk of ED rising with increased exposure to the chemical.

The presence of pesticides in the body has implications for human health, especially during vulnerable life stages, such as childhood, puberty, pregnancy, and old age. For instance, prepubescent exposure to pesticides can impair male reproduction through the interruption of testicular homeostasis and the development of reproductive Leydig cells and can have multigenerational effects. Furthermore, pesticide pollutants in groundwater, soils, household products, and chemical manufacturing by-products are on a growing list of culprits causing developmental abnormalities such as impaired sperm quality and impotence. Reproductive health can be compromised if males are exposed at various times in life, spanning from in utero up to adulthood. Erectile dysfunction is reported in one-third of the U.S. male population and has links to chemicals in the environment. Vinclozolin, a fungicide commonly used in agriculture, can contaminate food and water supplies, and laboratory tests found that some male offspring of animals exposed to vinclozolin during pregnancy displayed a complete lack of interest in females.

This study is one of the first to investigate the relationship between specific OPs and ED, focusing mainly on the biomarker for chlorpyrifos exposure (TCPy), rather than just general OP metabolite dialkylphosphates (DAPs). The study also highlights the mechanisms involved in developing ED, including inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for degrading acetylcholine at synapses and deregulating cholinergic pathways. Considering the cholinergic system is significantly involved in erectile function, the study suggests that dysregulation by OPs has a relationship with ED development. Oxidative stress can also play a role in cholinergic toxicity and is likely relevant to general population exposure levels. Additionally, OPs are known to impact smooth muscle pathways throughout the body, including the penis.

Another mechanism potentially involved in ED development is endocrine disruption, as many OPs are endocrine disruptors, binding directly to hormone receptors, like androgen, and decreasing androgenic properties from the adrenal glands and testes. Since androgen signaling can influence normal erections, OPs can potentially mitigate signaling through a lack of testosterone production.

Lastly, the study suggests the obesogenic properties of OPs can play a role in ED development. Independently, obesity is a risk factor for ED. However, OPs can accumulate within fatty (adipose) tissue. Thus, individuals with higher levels of fat stores have an increased risk of ED as concentrations of OP can be higher and remain in the body for longer.

Despite the findings of this study and many other related to health effects from chlorpyrifos exposure, the 8^th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals vacated the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) 2021 decision to cancel all food tolerances for chlorpyrifos concluding that, “EPA is unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of chlorpyrifos meets the safety standard of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Accordingly, EPA is revoking all tolerances for chlorpyrifos.” 

The prevalence of ED has been increasing over the decades, with men experiencing ED 10 to 15 years earlier than expected. Wildlife, laboratory, and epidemiologic studies show exposure to low-level environmental contaminants, such as pesticides and other chemicals, subtly undermines the ability to reproduce. Furthermore, studies regarding endocrine disruption reveal mechanisms that show how specific chemical toxicants can alter fertility. Therefore, advocates urge that policies strengthen pesticide regulations and increase research on the long-term impacts of pesticide exposure. Beyond Pesticides tracks the most recent studies related to pesticide exposure through our Pesticide Induced Diseases Database (PIDD). This database supports the clear need for strategic action to shift away from pesticide dependency. For more information on the multiple harms of pesticide exposure, see PIDD pages on Sexual and Reproductive Dysfunction, Birth/Fetal Effects, Endocrine Disruption, Cancer, Body Burdens, and other diseases.

The ubiquity of pesticides in the environment and food supply is concerning, as current measures restricting pesticide use and exposure do not adequately detect and assess total environmental chemical contaminants. For instance, 90 percent of Americans have at least one pesticide biomarker (including parent compound and breakdown products) in their body. However, one way to reduce human and environmental contamination from pesticides is to buy, grow, and support organic. Numerous studies find that levels of pesticides in urine significantly drop when switching to an all-organic diet. Furthermore, given the wide availability of non-pesticidal alternative strategies, families, from rural to urban, can apply these methods to promote a safe and healthy environment, especially among chemically vulnerable individuals or those with health conditions. For more information on how organic is the right choice for consumers and the farmworkers that grow our food, see the Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

(Beyond Pesticides, November 15, 2023) A study previously published in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) is drawing renewed attention to the gut microbiome in the scientific community. The study, involving a team including Demetrio Sierra-Mercado, PhD, of the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, initially established a link between glyphosate exposure and increased anxiety and fear-related behavior in rats. Glyphosate, a widely-used herbicide, has been detected in trace amounts in fruits, vegetables, grains, and other food and beverages, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Originally deemed safe for humans due to the way it interacts with the shikimic acid pathway—a metabolic route that is absent in humans—glyphosate’s indirect effects on human health are now under scrutiny as the research linking it to anxiety-like behavior grows. 

Dr. Sierra-Mercado’s team is expanding on his previous research to take a closer look at the compound’s potential disruption of the gut microbiome, which plays a pivotal role in regulating both physical and mental health. His upcoming study, anticipated in August 2024, aims to delve into the intricate relationship between glyphosate exposure and the gut-brain axis, with a focus on how this may influence neurological and emotional health in humans. This investigation is critical as it prompts the world to rethink the initial toxicity assessments of glyphosate, accounting for a broader scope on the internal systems that the pesticide affects.  

This research emerges as the impacts of glyphosate consumption become clearer with decades of accumulated studies. In recent years, numerous lawsuits have targeted Monsanto (now Bayer), producer of RoundUp, which contains glyphosate, alleging that the herbicide contributes to the plaintiffs’ cancers. Moreover, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the chemical as a probable carcinogen. Concurrently, research links the chemical to increased rates of toxic body burden, noting adolescents have higher bodily concentrations of glyphosate than adults. An article by Beyond Pesticides spotlights the study finding that over 90% of participants, including many child/parent pairs, had recent exposure to glyphosate, with children often showing up to four times the glyphosate levels of their parents. This corroborates evidence that children may be more vulnerable to the chemical’s risks. Additionally, an extensive 15-year study associates high rates of childhood blood cancers with children living in Brazil’s soy-growing areas–regions that rely on intensive glyphosate inputs. Therefore, comprehending the full spectrum of glyphosate’s effects on human health, from its potential carcinogenicity to its neurological and emotional ramifications, is crucial, advocates say.

As part of Dr. Sierra-Mercado’s revealing insights at the September 25 Keystone Science Lecture, part of the multi-day workshop and lecture series at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the extended research on glyphosate’s impact on behavior has gained substantial depth. In his lecture, Dr. Sierra-Mercado presented findings from his team’s rigorous investigation into the effects of prolonged oral exposure to glyphosate, a chemical the EPA has previously deemed safe for humans at a daily exposure rate of 2.0 mg/kg over a lifetime. The team administered glyphosate-contaminated water at the EPA’s accepted safe dose, with control rats receiving filtered drinking water. No initial behavioral changes were noted after four weeks of exposure, as determined by an open field test. However, the narrative changed with prolonged exposure. After 14 weeks, the rats displayed significant anxiety-like behaviors, with a pronounced decrease in time spent exploring novel objects and a marked increase in threat response to new stimuli, which could indicate heightened anxiety or negative anticipation. Additionally, Dr. Sierra-Mercado noted increased cellular activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region associated with anxiety—a physiological marker that demonstrates glyphosate’s potential effect on neural pathways. Further highlighting the biological impact, a notable decrease in Lactobacillus in the feces was observed, pointing to glyphosate’s disruption of gut bacteria. This is significant due to the role of Lactobacillus in serotonin production, often referred to as the body’s “feel-good” hormone.

The research from Dr. Sierra-Mercado and his team demonstrates the intricate interplay between glyphosate consumption and the gut-brain axis, highlighting how even levels deemed safe can lead to anxiety-like behaviors and alter the delicate balance of gut microbiota. These disruptions may instigate a series of events culminating in emotional dysregulation, suggesting that if the research is applicable to all mammals, glyphosate’s safety must be reassessed in light of its broader biological impacts.

This study is the first of its kind to understand the connections between glyphosate exposure and gut health. It, along with an ongoing surge of new research into the impacts of pesticide exposure, highlights the significant gaps in the global scientific community’s understanding of these chemicals, particularly their long-term implications. The susceptibility of children to glyphosate, with their higher propensity for absorption and retention, is especially concerning. The possibility that even regulated levels of exposure may harbor unacknowledged dangers necessitates a more cautious approach to such chemicals.

Despite the mounting research and remaining uncertainties, EPA’s stance on glyphosate remains firm. The agency continues to classify the chemical as “not likely to be carcinogenic to humans,” authorizing its ongoing use. This stance is at odds with the advancing scientific conversation, indicating a concerning gap between science and regulation.  

Amidst these concerns, Beyond Pesticides encourages safer, organic alternatives and offers resources for those looking to reduce their exposure to glyphosate and other pesticides. The Beyond Pesticides website provides accessible information and tools for individuals and communities to make healthier choices and adopt organic land management practices. Visit to learn more and to join the movement towards a healthier, more sustainable future.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: NIEHS; Effects of environmental contaminants on anxiety-like and fear behaviors, and gut-microbiota in rodents; Glyphosate increases anxiety-like behavior and threat response to novel neutral stimuli

(Beyond Pesticides, November 14, 2023) One of the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) strongest tools for avoiding responsibility is delay—a tactic that kept cancellation of the neurotoxic pesticide chlorpyrifos at bay for 21 years—until May 2021, when a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, responded to a petition filed in 2007 by the Natural Resources Defense Council, Pesticide Action Network, and numerous other groups. The Ninth Circuit ordered the agency to quit lollygagging and acknowledge chlorpyrifos’s threat to human health, something the agency had acknowledged already. The Ninth Circuit instructed EPA to either revoke the “safe” tolerances the agency had set for chlorpyrifos’s residue in various foods or demonstrate that they are actually safe. Finally capitulating, EPA issued a final rule in August 2021 revoking all food tolerances for the neurotoxicant.

Tell your governor and mayor to adopt policies that support organic land management. 

This looked like progress until February 2022, when a different set of petitioners—pesticide companies, U.S. farmer groups, and other countries’ agricultural interests—filed an action in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. On November 3 of this year, a three-judge panel of the Eighth Circuit reversed EPA’s decision, thereby neutralizing the Ninth Circuit’s opinion.

Chlorpyrifos, a member of the organophosphate chemical family that also contains chemical weapons, inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme crucial for transmitting nerve signals in humans. This function is very similar in other species, including insects, which means that the effects of chlorpyrifos on insects are similar to the effects on humans. It has long been evident that the residue tolerances for chlorpyrifos in food products were not protective of human health, especially for pregnant women, fetuses, and young children. EPA’s own 2016 Human Health Assessment found that 1-to-2-year-olds ingest 14,000 percent of the levels EPA deems safe.

Exposure to chlorpyrifos in the womb and in early childhood can lead to many cognitive problems, including lowered IQ, attention deficits, and learning disabilities. There is some evidence that organophosphate pesticides, including chlorpyrifos, can affect blood glucose, body weight, and lipid structures, meaning that the pesticide may also be an obesogen. A very recent study published on October 17 found an association between organophosphate metabolites and adult asthma. Beyond Pesticides covered this issue here.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that measurements of chlorpyrifos used to assess exposure levels may not capture its effects on the rapidly developing brain of a fetus. A 2012 EPA Scientific Advisory Panel–one of at least four EPA has convened on chlorpyrifos since 2007–also suggested that the damage to fetuses and children comes through a different pathway from the one blamed for neurotoxic effects in adults. Academic researchers have found at least one signaling pathway related to brain development that operates independently of the AchE mechanism, an issue even EPA acknowledged.

EPA has taken confusing positions on chlorpyrifos for decades. (See Beyond Pesticides’ commentary for a full summary.) The agency banned chlorpyrifos for residential uses in 2000. With each Human Health Risk Assessment—five of which were undertaken between 2008 and 2020—EPA admitted more harms from chlorpyrifos exposure. In 2015, during Barack Obama’s presidency, EPA proposed rescinding all the food tolerances, but that idea was upended as soon as Donald Trump’s EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt, took office in early 2017. Two years later, EPA denied the petition filed in 2007 by the NRDC and others. Only under the order of the Ninth Circuit did EPA finally rescind all food tolerances in 2021.

The Ninth Circuit’s majority opinion (one judge dissented) recited a painful chronology of the agency’s refusal to confront chlorpyrifos’s toxicity over nearly two decades. The Ninth Circuit observed that “this Court issued multiple writs of mandamus requiring the EPA to move forward,” all ignored by the agency.

“Chlorpyrifos has been before this Court more than a half-dozen times,” the opinion states, yet “EPA has failed to act, requesting extension after extension….In short, the EPA has spent more than a decade assembling a record of chlorpyrifos’s ill effects and has repeatedly determined, based on that record, that it cannot conclude…that the present tolerances are causing no harm….Yet, rather than ban the pesticide or reduce the tolerances to levels that the EPA can find are reasonably certain to cause no harm, the EPA has sought to evade, through one delaying tactic after another, its plain statutory duties.”

In contrast, the Eighth Circuit’s opinion gives EPA yet another excuse for delay. The court’s championing of chlorpyrifos is also somewhat dissonant considering that in the U.S. there is only one chlorpyrifos manufacturer left, residential use is banned, and non-residential uses such as on golf courses have been declining. Further, California has banned all uses, as have Oregon, Hawaii, New York, and Maryland.

The opinion itself has a tone that is directly oppositional to the Ninth Circuit’s recitation of delays, emphasizing instead the purported pressure from the Ninth Circuit on EPA to decide quickly under pressure. The Eighth Circuit pushes back with rhetoric implying that the Ninth Circuit, NRDC, and its co-petitioners used onerous deadlines to browbeat EPA and prevent the agency from completing its scientific analysis and decision making, citing “[T]he short “window for issuing [a] rule” and the Ninth Circuit’s “directive not to engage in additional fact-finding or further delay….The EPA had to act quickly…Time eventually ran out. The environmental groups grew impatient.”

This rhetoric has no basis in fact. The reality is that EPA has delayed a dispositive decision for almost a generation.

Tell your governor and mayor to adopt policies that support organic land management. 

EPA’s motto, according to the Ninth Circuit, must be festina lente—that is, it has tried to cite the beneficial concept of measured and comprehensive analysis to cover up its procrastination. But in the short interval between EPA’s rule banning chlorpyrifos and the Eighth Circuit’s intervention, another principle has been demonstrated. Earthjustice Senior Attorney Patti Goldman noted in a press release that “[C]rops have been successfully grown in the two years since chlorpyrifos has been banned.” She added, “The need for any use of chlorpyrifos has been refuted.”

EPA’s decision making, delaying tactics, and contradictory policies are not confined to chlorpyrifos. “Chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, 2,4-D, atrazine, and many others are poster children for a failed regulatory system that props up chemical-intensive agriculture despite the availability of alternative organic practices not reliant on these toxic chemicals,” says Jay Feldman, executive director of Beyond Pesticides. “We have to end use of petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers and not just chase individual pesticides in an unending battle that allows the pesticide treadmill to continue destroying agriculture and harming farmworkers, farmers, and people generally.”

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Sources:

Opinion, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, No. 19-71979, EPA No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-1005

https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2021/04/29/19-71979.pdf

Order Granting Petition for Review of an Order of the Environmental Protection Administration, No. 22-1422

https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca8/22-1422/22-1422-2023-11-02.html

Chlorpyrifos; Tolerance Revocations – A Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency on 08/30/2021

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/08/30/2021-18091/chlorpyrifos-tolerance-revocations

In Shocking Decision, 8th Circuit Sends Chlorpyrifos Food Use Ban Back to EPA

https://earthjustice.org/press/2023/in-shocking-decision-8th-circuit-sends-chlorpyrifos-food-use-ban-back-to-epa

See also:

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2021/05/federal-court-gives-epa-60-day-deadline-to-decide-the-fate-of-chlorpyrifos/

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2021/08/commentary-are-children-agricultural-workers-and-the-food-supply-safe-with-the-chlorpyrifos-decision/ 

(Beyond Pesticides, November 13, 2023) The news of a federal Appeals Court’s reversal of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) decision in early November calls into question the value of the basic structures, processes, and authorities of pesticide law that the public has been told are protective of health and the environment. After decades of review and litigation, this reversal, especially on a highly neurotoxic insecticide like chlorpyrifos, identifies a fundamentally flawed system that does not protect the health of people, in this case, children’s brains.

>>Tell your governor and mayor to adopt policies that support organic land management. 

It was EPA’s finding that chlorpyrifos was destructive of the nervous system, particularly in children, and the functioning of the brain that led to an EPA-negotiated chemical company (Corteva/Dow Chemical) settlement in 1999 (took effect in 2000) that removed residential uses of chlorpyrifos from the market. The 2020 EPA decision, 21 years later, to stop agricultural uses followed another Appeals Court decision, departing from the agency’s usually long drawn-out negotiations that ultimately compromise health and the environment. EPA banned agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos in 2016 in the Obama Administration, but the decision was reversed by the Trump Administration in 2017. Because EPA’s decision was not negotiated but based on scientific facts showing unreasonable harm, the industry sued, which brings us to the current situation.

While litigation against EPA under current pesticide law is needed to call out the problems with inadequate protections, the fundamental inadequacies of the law ultimately need to be addressed. Realistically, however, the power of the chemical industry and its influence in the U.S. Congress has prevented the overhaul of the law that is required to eliminate chlorpyrifos and petrochemical pesticides in favor of organic land management or agricultural practices that are as productive and profitable as chemical-intensive practices.

Background. EPA’s action to cancel all agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos was a rare instance when the agency took protective action. Required by a 9^th Circuit Court of Appeals decision in April 2021 to take action, EPA issued a final rule in August, 2021—in full effect February 28, 2022—after an earlier 9^th Circuit decision, concluding that “EPA is unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of chlorpyrifos meets the safety standard of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Accordingly, EPA is revoking all tolerances for chlorpyrifos.” On November 3, the 8^th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals decided to vacate EPA’s 2021 decision to cancel all food tolerances for chlorpyrifos and sent it back to the agency.

History of Failure. In other cases, EPA has avoided such litigation by taking more limited action. When the industry challenges EPA, the agency almost invariably capitulates through a negotiation process. With the chemical paraquat, EPA allowed an industry umbrella group dubbed the Agricultural Handler Exposure Task Force to correct its data risks posed to workers, resulting in the agency changing its position within months. With the synthetic pyrethroid class of insecticides, EPA allowed an industry group to rework its methodology for addressing pyrethroid risks to children and followed the request of another industry group to allow the pyrethroids to be sprayed with smaller buffer zones during windier conditions. With the chemical glyphosate, despite overwhelming evidence of its carcinogenic properties, the agency has refused to acknowledge this risk, even after a federal court chastised its review process, and instead has acted on the behest of chemical manufacturers to stop glyphosate from being banned in other countries.

The examples of this pattern are numerous, including the recent EPA decision to cancel the deadly chlorinated hydrocarbon wood preservative, pentachlorophenol, with dioxin contaminants, among others (see Pesticide Gateway), after it watched countries around the world one-by-one ban its use under an international treaty—the Stockholm Convention, which was never ratified by the U.S. With a severely diminished market worldwide and difficultly setting up a manufacturing shop in the U.S. after a community and state uproar in South Carolina, the manufacturer withdrew—after 40-plus years of fighting and unthinkable cases of cancer. EPA then announced in March of this year that it was time to cancel the chemical.

And even when EPA suspends the registration of a pesticide, removal from use is very slow because existing stocks are generally allowed to be sold. For example, EPA suspended the registration of the herbicide dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) (also widely known as Dacthal), effective August 22, 2023, leaving existing stocks (products containing DCPA manufactured before August 22) available on the market.

These examples and more demonstrate that the “whack-a-mole” approach cannot adequately protect against the dangers of pesticides. What is required are policies at every level of government that encourage the adoption of organic agriculture and land management practices.

Organic management practices build soil health, cycle nutrients naturally, enhance plant resiliency, reduce water use, and do not use petrochemical pesticides or fertilizers. The organic alternative is central to a commitment to both the elimination of practices and products that are petrochemical-based and the ability of organically managed soils to draw down (sequester) atmospheric carbon, which contributes to mitigating global warming and erratic temperatures.

States should adopt a strategy promoting natural and working lands as a critical yet currently underutilized sector in the fight against climate change. These lands can sequester and store carbon emissions, limit future carbon emissions into the atmosphere, protect people and nature from the impacts of climate change, and build resilience to future climate risks. Climate smart management of natural and working lands also improves public health and safety, secures our food and water supplies, and increases equity.

The strategy should define the state’s natural and working landscapes; describe how these lands can deliver on climate change goals; highlight priority nature-based climate solutions to address the climate crisis; explore opportunities for regional climate smart land management; identify options to track nature-based climate action and measure progress; and outline opportunities to scale climate smart land management across regions and sectors in the state. States should set a pesticide-free goal for state parks.

To be effective, the strategy must include ambitious targets focused on reduction of agricultural chemicals and support for organic agriculture. These measures also address other crises, including microbial support for ecosystem health and biodiversity. Industrial farming systems dependent on synthetic fertilizers and other chemical inputs must be replaced with organic systems that do not use chemicals in which animals and feed sources are fully integrated.

Many communities are already adopting organic land management in parks, playing fields, and other public lands. Beyond Pesticides partners with a major organic retailer, Natural Grocers, and organic food company, Stonyfield Organic, and dozens of communities in all regions of the country to see this vision come to life. Natural land care is becoming increasingly popular at the local level, with more and more communities looking to employ practices that protect workers, public health, pets, pollinators, and unique local environments that can be harmed by unnecessary pesticide use. At the same time, community leaders are increasingly challenged with staffing constraints and tight budgets. Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future program aims to bridge these gaps, allowing communities to pilot the transition to organic land care on two public sites.

Program pilot sites provide local land care officials the time needed to dial in new practices and work out any unexpected factors that may impede the move from conventional to organic land care.  They send a message to residents that the community is taking meaningful action to protect their health and environment at a lower cost to community coffers than a rapid, full-scale transition to organic land care that local pesticide reform policies are increasingly requiring. 

>>Tell your governor and mayor to adopt policies that support organic land management. 

Sign up to be a Parks Advocate today to encourage your community to transition to organic land management. Plan on attending Session 3 of the National Forum, Transformative Community-Based Change from the Ground Up: Managing Parks and Playing Fields with Organic Practices and Policies, on November 29, 2023, at 2:00 pm Eastern. Speaker and registration information HERE. This session is for all who want beautiful landscapes, parks, and playing fields without the reliance on petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers. The subject matter is cross-cutting and will inform people concerned about their health and community health, elected officials (from town, city, county, regional, state to school boards) interested in effecting movement away from toxic chemical reliance, and land managers and landscapers who work in parks and on playing fields and other landscapes.

Letter to Governor:

As shown by the recent court decision overturning EPA’s attempt to cancel agricultural uses of highly neurotoxic insecticide chlorpyrifos, the pesticide regulatory process is broken and cannot protect people or the environment from the dangers of their use. As a result, we need policies at the state and local level that move toward organic land management in agriculture, communities, and homes.

EPA’s action to cancel all agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos was a rare instance when the agency took protective action. Required by a 9^th Circuit Court of Appeals decision in April 2021 to take action, EPA issued a final rule in August, 2021—in full effect February 28, 2022—after an earlier 9^th Circuit decision, concluding that, “EPA is unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of chlorpyrifos meets the safety standard of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Accordingly, EPA is revoking all tolerances for chlorpyrifos.” On November 3, the 8^th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals decided to vacate EPA’s 2021 decision to cancel all food tolerances for chlorpyrifos and sent it back to the agency.

In other cases, EPA has avoided such litigation by taking more limited action. When the industry challenges EPA, the agency almost invariably capitulates, as in the case of paraquat, when EPA allowed an industry umbrella group dubbed the Agricultural Handler Exposure Task Force to correct its data risks posed to workers, resulting in the agency changing its position within months.

The examples of this pattern are numerous, and even when EPA suspends the registration of a pesticide, removal from use is very slow because existing stocks are generally allowed to be sold. For example, EPA suspended the registration of the herbicide dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) (also widely known as Dacthal), effective August 22, 2023, leaving existing stocks (products containing DCPA manufactured before August 22) available on the market.

History shows the failure of the “whack-a-mole” approach to pesticide regulation.

States should adopt a strategy promoting natural and working lands as a critical yet currently underutilized sector in the fight against climate change. These lands can sequester and store carbon emissions, limit future carbon emissions into the atmosphere, protect people and nature from the impacts of climate change, and build resilience to future climate risks. Climate smart management of natural and working lands also improves public health and safety, secures our food and water supplies, and increases equity.

The strategy should define the state’s natural and working landscapes; describe how these lands can deliver on climate change goals; highlight priority nature-based climate solutions to address the climate crisis; explore opportunities for regional climate smart land management; identify options to track nature-based climate action and measure progress; and outline opportunities to scale climate smart land management across regions and sectors in the state. States should set a pesticide-free goal for state parks.

To be effective, the strategy must include ambitious targets focused on reduction of agricultural chemicals and support for organic agriculture. These measures also address other crises, including microbial support for ecosystem health and biodiversity. Industrial farming systems dependent on synthetic fertilizers and other chemical inputs must be replaced with organic systems that do not use chemicals in which animals and feed sources are fully integrated.

I urge you to take the lead in creating policies that move our state to organic agriculture and land management.

Thank you.

Letter to Mayor:

As shown by the recent court decision overturning EPA’s attempt to cancel agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos, the pesticide regulatory process is broken and cannot protect people or the environment from the dangers of their use. As a result, we need policies at the state and local level that move towards organic land management in agriculture, communities, and homes.

EPA’s action to cancel all agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos was a rare instance when the agency took protective action. Required by a 9^th Circuit Court of Appeals decision in April 2021 to take action, EPA issued a final rule in August, 2021—in full effect February 28, 2022—after an earlier 9^th Circuit decision, concluding that, “EPA is unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of chlorpyrifos meets the safety standard of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Accordingly, EPA is revoking all tolerances for chlorpyrifos.” On November 3, the 8^th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals decided to vacate EPA’s 2021 decision to cancel all food tolerances for chlorpyrifos and sent it back to the agency.

In other cases, EPA has avoided such litigation by taking more limited action. When the industry challenges EPA, the agency almost invariably capitulates, as in the case of paraquat, when EPA allowed an industry umbrella group dubbed the Agricultural Handler Exposure Task Force to correct its data risks posed to workers, resulting in the agency changing its position within months.

The examples of this pattern are numerous, and even when EPA suspends the registration of a pesticide, removal from use is very slow because existing stocks are generally allowed to be sold. For example, EPA suspended the registration of the herbicide dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) (also widely known as Dacthal), effective August 22, 2023, leaving existing stocks (products containing DCPA manufactured before August 22) available on the market.

History shows the failure of the “whack-a-mole” approach to pesticide regulation.

Many communities are already adopting organic land management in parks, playing fields, and other public lands. Beyond Pesticides partnering with major retailers like Natural Grocers and Stonyfield Organic, and dozens of communities in all regions of the country to see this vision come to life. Natural land care is becoming increasingly popular at the local level, with more and more communities looking to employ practices that protect workers, public health, pets, pollinators, and unique local environments that can be harmed by unnecessary pesticide use. At the same time, community leaders are increasingly challenged with staffing constraints and tight budgets. Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future program aims to bridge these gaps, allowing communities to pilot the transition to organic land care on two public sites.

Program pilot sites provide local land care officials the time needed to dial in new practices and work out any unexpected factors that may impede the move from conventional to organic land care.  They send a message to residents that the community is taking meaningful action to protect their health and environment, at a lower cost to community coffers than a rapid, full-scale transition to organic land care that local pesticide reform policies are increasingly requiring. 

Please ensure that all land (parks, playgrounds, playing fields, etc.) in our area is managed with organic practices that eliminate fossil fuel-based toxic pesticides and fertilizers. Where these practices are in place, I would appreciate a report to the community. Where organic practices are not being utilized, I request that a plan be put in place to transition—as part of a community effort to protect health and biodiversity, and to fight the climate crisis. Now is the time that we must all join together to do our part to curtail petroleum-based pesticides and fertilizers and sequester atmospheric carbon in the soil through effective organic practices.

Thank you.

(Beyond Pesticides, November 10, 2023) In a press conference this week just prior to Veteran’s Day, Department of Veterans Affairs Secretary Denis McDonough affirmed the federal government’s medical support for veterans exposed to toxic chemicals during their service in the military under a law passed last year entitled The Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring Our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022, or PACT Act. The law, passed in August 2022, identifies specific diseases as “presumptive conditions” caused during specified military service. The passage of the law is a tribute to veterans and the public uproar just over one  year ago that demanded that the U.S. Congress recognize and treat diseases caused by toxic chemical exposure during military service.

The passage of the PACT Act in 2022 was controversial and first blocked by Republicans in the Senate, but public outrage and high profile support from comedian and activist Jon Stewart ultimately led to final passage. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) said, “For too long, our nation’s veterans have faced an absurd indignity: They enlisted to serve our country, went abroad in good health, and came back home only to get sick from toxic exposure endured while in the line of duty.”

Those with presumptive conditions do not need to prove that their service caused the listed condition. Veterans only need to meet the service requirements for the presumption.

The law recognizes the toxic exposure from smoke and fumes generated from open burn pits. In Iraq, Afghanistan, and other areas of the Southwest Asia theater of military operations, open-air combustion of chemicals, tires, plastics, medical equipment and human waste in burn pits was a common practice, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Administration (VA). The Department of Defense says it has now closed out most burn pits and is planning to close the remainder. President Biden has attributed his son’s death from brain cancer in 2015 to his exposure to burn pits in Iraq.

According to the Veterans Administration, 20 burn pit and other toxic exposure presumptive conditions based on the PACT Act. This change expands benefits for Gulf War era and post-9/11 Veterans and includes the following cancers as “presumptive”: Brain cancer, Gastrointestinal cancer of any type, Glioblastoma, Head cancer of any type, Kidney cancer, Lymphoma of any type, Melanoma, Neck cancer of any type, Pancreatic cancer, Reproductive cancer of any type, and Respiratory (breathing-related) cancer of any type. Additionally, these illnesses are now presumptive: Asthma that was diagnosed after service, Chronic bronchitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Chronic rhinitis, Chronic sinusitis, Constrictive bronchiolitis or obliterative bronchiolitis, Emphysema, ranulomatous disease, Interstitial lung disease (ILD), Pleuritis, Pulmonary fibrosis, and Sarcoidosis. The VA identifies specific areas of military service with time periods. The act includes other presumptive conditions, including, for example, exposure to Agent Orange (the mixture of herbicide 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T), used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War.

According to the VA, the PACT Act: 

• Expands and extends eligibility for VA health care for veterans with toxic exposures and veterans of the Vietnam, Gulf War and post-9/11 eras. 
• Adds 20 more presumptive conditions for burn pits, Agent Orange and other toxic exposures. 
• Adds more presumptive-exposure locations for Agent Orange and radiation. 
• Requires the VA to provide a toxic exposure screening to every veteran enrolled in VA health care. 

Disability claims can be filed HERE.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

For more PACT and Toxic Exposure Information for Veterans, see: Veterans of Foreign War.

(Beyond Pesticides, November 9, 2023) Two-hundred-foot pesticide spray “buffer zones” around 4,028 U.S. elementary schools contiguous to crop fields—according to data evaluated by Environmental Working Group—are threatened by potential Farm Bill amendments now under consideration. Legislative language, if adopted, would take away (preempt) the authority of states and local jurisdictions to protect children and restrict agricultural pesticides used near schools.

Pesticide drift is a widespread problem throughout the U.S. that has attracted national attention in recent years because of crop damage caused by the weed killer dicamba in numerous midwestern states. In the face of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) failure to mitigate drift hazards, states enact limits on when and how pesticides can be used, establish buffer zones around application sites, and in some cases, ban uses. In 2018, Arkansas banned dicamba use from mid-April through the end of October (and survived a Monsanto challenge to the ban. For a historical perspective on the drift issue, see Getting the Drift on Pesticide Trespass.

Children, in particular, face unique risks from pesticide and toxic chemical exposures. Due to their smaller body size, they absorb a higher relative amount of pesticides through the food they consume and the air they breathe. Additionally, children’s developing organ systems make them more vulnerable to the impacts of toxic exposure. Several authoritative bodies, including  EPA , the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Public Health Association, have all voiced concerns about the potential dangers that pesticides pose to children. Scientific evidence has shown that pesticide exposure can negatively impact a child’s neurological, respiratory, immune, and endocrine systems, even at low levels. Some pesticides, such as synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates, are known to cause or exacerbate asthma symptoms.

According to the EWG data, more than 30 states have adopted standards to restrict pesticides near schools. For example, in Alabama, aerial applications of pesticides are prohibited within 400 feet of school grounds, and, in Louisiana, aerial application is prohibited within 1000 feet of schools. At the local level, there are hundreds of ordinances to safeguard the public from pesticides. San Diego, California has an ordinance that restricts pesticides within 1/4 mile and (25 feet with a power sprayer) from daycares and elementary schools between 6 am and 6 pm Monday through Friday. Cleveland Heights, Ohio passed an ordinance to prohibit “cosmetic pesticides and herbicides on public grounds” which includes schools and daycare centers.

However, the ongoing battle to preserve the authority of local governments to protect people and the environment continues, with some states seeking to curtail local control. The debate between federal and state authority over pesticide regulations, exemplified by the Agricultural Labeling Uniformity Act, holds significant implications for public health, environmental protection, and state government authority.

Environmental activists and concerned citizens are emphasizing the importance of retaining the ability of states to inform their residents about product risks, including pesticides like glyphosate. Jay Feldman, the director of Beyond Pesticides said, “We are urging the House and Senate Agriculture Committees to draft a Farm Bill that does not undermine the authority of local communities striving to safeguard public health and the environment.” Mr. Feldman continues, “The proposed solution to protect children’s health, as well as mitigate threats to biodiversity and the climate, is the elimination of petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers. Organic land management practices have gained recognition as the most effective alternative to chemical-intensive agriculture and land management.”

As the debate over pesticide regulation intensifies, the safety and well-being of children, environmental protection, and the authority of state governments across the United States hang in the balance. The outcome of the Farm Bill could have far-reaching implications for all stakeholders involved. Read more about the Farm Bill negotiations here.

In the absence of protective measures for children and communities, advocates play a crucial role in pushing for change. Enforcement of existing pesticide laws is often the most challenging phase of community-based efforts, requiring vigilant monitoring and public pressure. For help in passing or enforcing a pesticide policy in your child’s school, contact Beyond Pesticides at 202-543-5450 or by email at [email protected]. You can stay informed of developments through our Daily News Blog and our journal, Pesticides and You.

Take Action: Protect Local Authority to Limit Pesticides; Stop Congress from Preempting Local Ordinances

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: New EWG report finds toxic pesticide spray risks near thousands of elementary schools

(Beyond Pesticides, November 8, 2023) A study published in Environmental Science and Pollution Research finds organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are linked to an increased asthma prevalence. The study was released just before an 8^th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals November 3 decision vacating EPA’s 2021 decision to cancel all food tolerances for chlorpyrifos and sending it back to the agency. (Required by a 9^th Circuit Court of Appeals decision in April 2021 to take action, EPA issued a final rule in August, 2021—in full effect February 28, 2022—after an earlier 9^th Circuit decision, concluding that, “EPA is unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use of chlorpyrifos meets the safety standard of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Accordingly, EPA is revoking all tolerances for chlorpyrifos.” 

Using urinary metabolites of OPs, the study highlights that diethyl phosphate (DEP, the breakdown chemical of chlorpyrifos) has the strongest association with asthma. However, individual and combined exposure to all OPs have a significant link to respiratory disease. The respiratory system is essential to human survival, regulating gas exchange (oxygen-carbon dioxide) in the body to balance acid and base tissue cells for normal function. Damage to the respiratory system can cause several issues—from asthma and bronchitis to oxidative stress that triggers the development of extra-respiratory manifestations like rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease.

Organophosphorus pesticides have a wide range of biological uses—from insecticides to flame retardants—that make these chemicals ubiquitous, significantly contributing to ecosystem contamination. Furthermore, despite organophosphates having less bioaccumulation potential, residues are consistently present in human and animal blood, urine, tissues, and milk. Although research demonstrates that OPs are highly toxic, there remains an inadequate understanding of how OP exposure impacts body systems like the respiratory system. Therefore, the rise in respiratory illnesses and organophosphate use over the last three decades is highly concerning. In light of the recent court decision, the OP study is especially alarming and notes, “These findings underscore the importance of continued efforts to mitigate exposure to OP pesticides and improve respiratory health outcomes for the broader population.”

The study analyzes data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) projects conducted between 2003–2008, 2011–2012, and 2015–2018. Using multiple logistic regressions and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regressions, researchers examined the correlation between urinary OP metabolites dimethyl phosphate (DMP), diethyl phosphate (DEP), dimethyl phosphorothioate (DMTP), and diethyl phosphorothioate (DETP), and asthma prevalence among 9,316 U.S. adults, accounting for individual and combined exposure to OPs. The results find that 1,298 of the 9,316 adults in the study cohort have asthma, with a little over 50 percent female and an average age of 47. The metabolites DMP and DEP have the strongest association with asthma incidents, regardless of whether urinary OP concentrations contain an individual or mixture of metabolites. Moreover, DEP has the highest association with asthma occurrence, eliciting the most substantial effects on respiratory outcomes.

The connection between pesticides and associated respiratory risks is nothing new, as many studies link pesticide use and residue to various respiratory illnesses. Exposure to pesticides from residencies near pesticide processing plants, contact with pesticide-tainted clothes and tools, and households with improper storage and use of pesticides are at greater risk of respiratory illness, including asthma (ranking first) from chronic exposure and upper and lower airway obstruction from acute exposure. Studies find pesticide exposure can trigger asthma and the attacks, as exposure to insecticides before the age of five can increase the risk of asthma diagnosis, with toddlers twice as likely to become asthmatic. Furthermore, Significant disparities in asthma morbidity and mortality disproportionately impact low-income populations, people of color, and children living in inner cities.

Agricultural workers and their families are at the most significant risk from these health hazards. Working throughout one’s lifetime increases the risk of asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and other respiratory issues. A 2016 study linked an astounding 78 pesticides to allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers. Agricultural work with toxic pesticides was associated with an increased risk of the potentially deadly diseases idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in a 2021 study and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a recent February 2022 report. Unsurprisingly, a comprehensive literature review published in 2020 finds pesticide exposure strongly correlated with the development of respiratory diseases.

Beyond Pesticides has reviewed the particular exposure risks farmworkers endure and health outcomes; for example, agricultural (and other) workers exposed to pesticides and other contaminants are at increased risk of developing a lung condition known as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The risk of developing Farmer’s lung—a common allergic disease induced by inhaling biological dust and a contributor to respiratory morbidity among farmers— also increases with pesticide exposure. Thus, chronic inhalation of agriculture-related dust (e.g., particulates from grains, feed, soils, and biological aerosols from plant and animal matter that may harbor synthetic pesticide and fertilizer residues) can increase airway inflammatory diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. The particulates in dust play a part in disease development, but so, too, do the various microbiota that may be part of a dusty agricultural environment. A disruption of the homeostasis of the human microbiome (known as dysbiosis) can increase the risk of asthma and other respiratory diseases. In addition, pesticide exposures can alter the gut microbiome, which mediates a significant portion of the human immune response.

Many researchers, including those on this study, suggest an increase in environmental pollutants like pesticides may be responsible for the influx of respiratory diseases. The risk of asthma is seasonal, with the spring having greater incidents due to the influx of pesticide use during this period. Moreover, those handling pesticides without protective equipment have a much greater risk of developing asthma after exposure. A University of California, Berkeley study found that the general exposure to organophosphates (not only chlorpyrifos) corresponds with a measurable decrease in lung function. Prolonged exposure (over 56 days) to the insecticide chlorpyrifos more than doubles the risk of developing lung cancer. 

This study assesses the impacts of OP compounds on individuals with asthma, highlighting the positive association between the presence of metabolites in urine and the occurrence of asthma. Although the study notes the mechanisms involved in OP-induced asthma are unclear, previous studies report OPs to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, or AChE, impacting smooth muscles in the airway and nerves in the respiratory system. The suggestion of multiple mechanisms involved in OP-induced asthma highlights the significant influence OPs have on respiratory pathology. OPs are cholinesterase inhibitors, which means they bind to receptor sites for AChE, essential to standard nerve impulse transmission. In affixing to these receptor sites, cholinesterase inhibitors inactivate AChE and prevent the clearing of acetylcholine. The buildup of acetylcholine can lead to acute impacts, such as uncontrolled, rapid twitching of some muscles, paralyzed breathing, convulsions, and, in extreme cases, death. The compromise of neural transmission can have broad systemic impacts on the function of multiple body systems, including the respiratory system.

In the U.S., over 25 million people live with asthma. The increasing rate of respiratory pathology since the 1980s demonstrates a need for better environmental policies and protocols surrounding contaminants like pesticides. Considering respiratory diseases represent a significant health issue for agricultural workers—who often experience pesticide exposure at higher rates due to occupation—it is essential to understand the association between pesticide exposure and respiratory pathology or the study of causes and effects of respiratory diseases. Furthermore, with a new report finding an association between air pollution and higher death rates (9%) related to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), global leaders must eliminate excessive pesticide use to mitigate respiratory diseases’ impacts on human health. Policies should enforce stricter pesticide regulations and increase research on the long-term impacts of pesticide exposure. Beyond Pesticides tracks the most recent studies related to pesticide exposure through our Pesticide Induced Diseases Database (PIDD). This database supports the clear need for strategic action to shift away from pesticide dependency. For more information on the multiple harms of pesticides, see PIDD pages on asthma/respiratory effects and other diseases. Learn more about how inadequate pesticide use regulations, including organophosphates, can adversely affect human and environmental health; see Beyond Pesticides’ Pesticides and You article “Highly Destructive Pesticide Effects Unregulated.”

Beyond Pesticides advocates a precautionary approach to pest management in land management and agriculture by transiting to organic. Buying, growing, and supporting organic can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in the environment and from your diet. For more information on how organic is the right choice for consumers and the farmworkers who grow our food, see the Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture. Removing pesticides from parks that disproportionately affect people of color in the community and as landscapers. Help convert your parks, playing fields, and schoolyards to organic land management through Beyond Pesticides’ Parks for a Sustainable Future program. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research

(Beyond Pesticides, November 7, 2023) Two decades after the introduction of genetically engineered, herbicide-resistant crops and the consequential exponential growth in weed killers, Brazil is seeing an increase in childhood cancer. This is the conclusion reached in a comprehensive study spanning 15 years (2004-2019), “Agriculture Intensification and Childhood Cancer in Brazil,” published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) in October. For the past 20 years, soybean herbicides have been killing and sickening children in the Cerrado and Amazon regions–where soybean cultivation is concentrated. The study reveals a link between an increase in soy cultivation and a spike in cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common cancer affecting children, among indirectly exposed populations. Researchers identify pesticide-contaminated drinking water as the driving force behind the increased cancer rates occurring downstream from soybean sites. 

In 2003, Brazil legalized its first official genetically modified (GM) crop, welcoming the era of GM soybeans and sparking a radical transformation in its agricultural landscape–for better or worse. The introduction of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready soybean seed promised farmers an efficient and herbicide-resistant alternative to traditional crops. A significant shift occurred in the areas dedicated to soy cultivation in the Cerrado region, tripling from five million hectares in 2000 to 15 million hectares in 2019. In the Amazon, the increase was even more staggering, experiencing a 20-fold surge from 0.25 million hectares to five million hectares. With this expansion came an intensive application of pesticides. Brazil’s pesticide use per hectare soared to rates 2.3 times higher than the United States and three times higher than China. 

The research findings identify that a 10-percentage-point increase in soy cultivation area is associated with an additional 0.40 deaths out of 10,000 due to ALL for children 5 years of age and lower and an additional 0.21 deaths of children 10 years of age and lower per 10,000 population. The study finds “a strong and persistent relationship between the arrival of high-intensity agriculture in a region and adverse human health outcomes,” even after controlling for confounding factors. 

The study observes that having a pediatric oncology center within a day’s drive—defined as 100 km or less—dramatically lessens fatal outcomes. This is a glaring commentary on the vast inequality in health care access, particularly in countries still navigating the initial stages of agricultural development. These are often low-income and middle-income nations wrestling with instability, and the findings highlight a concerning disparity and lack of urgency for action.

The apathy toward the absence of access to safe environments, decent working conditions, and health care is starkly visible in what some have referred to as the double standards prevalent in global pesticide laws. Pesticides, deemed too toxic for use in the European Union, are freely exported around the globe and find a ready market in many countries that do not disclose product ingredients and warnings or regulatory restrictions in place that might reduce hazards. Similarly, those harmed by pesticides may not have access to health care. 

This discovery is highly relevant, especially for other emerging agrarian nations. Brazil has become a kind of prototype that agrochemical corporations, economists, and policymakers frequently reference.

Brazil’s metamorphosis into a large agricultural force has garnered attention and praise from economists and policymakers alike. The country’s economy witnessed a surge of over 40 percent between 2000 and 2010, largely attributed to the booming manufacturing sector. This transformation, with Brazil as a model, has been used to exemplify the potential of agrochemicals in boosting global food security.

Economists have highlighted the introduction of GM soy as a pivotal moment. It did not just boost agricultural productivity but also set off a chain reaction across the entire economy. Herbicide-resistant seeds, it was argued, would help Brazil move from an agricultural to a more industrial economy with higher incomes and more spending. Farmers no longer would have to engage in tedious field tilling, allowing farm laborers to find work in other areas and contributing to urban growth.

However, while Brazil is often showcased as a model of success, the study offers a cautionary perspective. It notes, “The combination of restricted oversight, limited healthcare access, a rapidly evolving agricultural production system, and a new chemical technology provides a cautionary tale to regions in similar stages of agricultural intensification.”

While many economists laude Brazil’s growth, not only are the health consequences becoming increasingly evident, but so are the environmental consequences of this rapid industrialization. The Amazon has been facing a series of catastrophic fires and deforestation incidents. The agricultural expansion that came with soybeans also resulted in forest clearing on an immense scale.

As agricultural intensification takes place, droughts are compounding the problem, leading to a noticeable drying of the Amazon River. The extended dry seasons over the past few decades have been taking a toll, making trees less resilient and severely affecting the region’s biodiversity. This drying and deforestation have repercussions beyond habitat destruction. In tropical rainforests like the Amazon, the nutrient-rich biomass is crucial for maintaining ecological balance. When this biomass is removed, the tropical soil—poor in nutrients—is unable to sustain life, leading to irreversible damage. 

So, while Brazil may be lauded for its economic leaps, the study prompts a critical reassessment. It emphasizes the need for careful consideration of development strategies, urging a nuanced approach that does not solely focus on economic gains, but also weighs the health and well-being of the population.

This story of Brazil is a call for a global rethinking of development models, urging a shift toward practices that are equitable, sustainable, and healthy. Any system that treats the lives of children as collateral is not one that should serve as a global archetype. As we rethink our approach to development models, the indiscriminate use of pesticides should be critically examined and left behind, along with other discriminatory practices like double standards for banned pesticides. Visit the Beyond Pesticides website for more information on how you can support and get involved with better practices for all of our futures. Eating with a Conscience explains why it is important to express your concerns with your purchasing power, protecting not only yourself but the workers and communities in which your food is grown.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Sources: Agricultural intensification and childhood cancer in Brazil; How a Genetically Modified Soybean Helped Modernize an Economy

(Beyond Pesticides, November 6, 2023) Communities discussing synthetic versus natural turf are faced with a number of issues that go to safety, environmental health, and cost. The chemicals used to manage synthetic turf for bacteria, mold, and fungus raise serious health issues and represent a threat that does not exist in organic land management. When all the synthetic turf issues are considered, including chemical use, maintenance, heat effects, water contamination and treatment, playability and safety, organic grass turf offers an approach that checks all the critical boxes for protecting health and the environment at a competitive price.

Hazards of synthetic (artificial) turf made news this fall following injuries to New York Jets quarterback Aaron Rogers and Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce, among others. Following safety concern, the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) issued a  call to end the use of synthetic turf and a return to natural turf. The FIFA World Cup soccer association requires a grass playing field. The players are not the only ones demanding grass fields. Fans of singer-songwriter Taylor Swift came out in full force in favor of the switch after the injury to Ms. Swift’s rumored boyfriend Travis Kelce.

Beyond sports injuries, concerns about environmental and health hazards are emerging as communities and school boards discuss the fields used for school and community sports.  This debate is taking place as communities are increasingly shifting the management of their playing fields and parks to organic practices, eliminating toxic pesticides and fertilizers, building soil biology to cycle nutrients naturally, increasing resiliency of turf, and decreasing water use.

Tell your Mayor* and NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell to make the switch to organic grass turf.

[*Our database may not include your Mayor through our one-click action. However, you may use our proposed language for sending a letter to your Mayor. Please cut-and-paste the text provided HERE and send in an email to your local Mayor’s office.]

Although manufacturers and advocates of artificial turf (who have created confusion by redefining “turf” to mean synthetic turf) tout its benefits, claiming improved safety and reduced environmental impact, among others, the facts contradict these claims.

Synthetic turf also causes injuries to high school athletes.

A groundbreaking study, The dark side of artificial greening: Plastic turfs as widespread pollutants of aquatic environments, has unearthed some disturbing revelations on the use of artificial turf. This comprehensive study, prominently featured in the Environmental Pollution (June 2023) journal, has cast a spotlight on the dire consequences of plastic fibers from artificial turf, which are wreaking havoc on marine ecosystems.

River transport and stormwater runoff can carry plastics and microplastics into waterways. Once they make their way into the water, these fibers pose a menacing threat to marine life, leading to a host of health issues and, tragically, even mortality. The fibers also accumulate in sediments, compromising the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. The study authors indicate that plastic fields require enhanced waste management practices to staunch the plastic fibers from entering aquatic habitats.

A builder of sports facilities, American Athletic, states, “Beyond surface cleaning, the artificial turf should be sanitized weekly or monthly to protect the players’ and coaches’ health. This disinfection requires special solvents, cleansers, and anti-microbial products to remove invisible particles and bacterial growth. You should strive to sanitize the field after every game and throughout the school day if it’s used for physical education classes.”

Artificial fields can cost over $1 million for field installation, drainage system, and additional costs for water treatment for an approximately 10-year lifespan, not including the game-day and ongoing maintenance costs. Manufacturers also recommend watering the synthetic fields during hot weather because of the heat generated by the artificial material. Studies record maximum surface temperatures on synthetic fields during hot, sunny conditions averaging from 140° F to 170° F, while natural grass is rarely recorded to be above 100° F.

Organic management practices build soil health, cycle nutrients naturally, enhance turf resiliency, reduce water use, and do not use petrochemical pesticides or fertilizers. The organic alternative is central to a community’s discussion about its residents’ commitment to both the elimination of practices and products that are petrochemical-based and the ability of organically managed soils to draw down (sequester) atmospheric carbon, which contributes to mitigating global warming and erratic temperatures.

Sign up to be a Parks Advocate today to encourage your community to transition to organic land management. Plan on attending Session 3 of the National Forum, Transformative Community-Based Change from the Ground Up: Managing Parks and Playing Fields with Organic Practices and Policies, on November 29, 2023, at 2:00 pm Eastern. Speaker and registration information HERE. This session is for all who want beautiful landscapes, parks, and playing fields without the reliance on petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers. The subject matter is cross-cutting and will inform people concerned about their health and community health, elected officials (from town, city, county, regional, state to school boards) interested in effecting movement away from toxic chemical reliance, and land managers and landscapers who work in parks and on playing fields and other landscapes.

Tell your Mayor* and NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell to make the switch to organic grass turf.

[*Our database may not include your Mayor through our one-click action. However, you may use our proposed language for sending a letter to your Mayor. Please cut-and-paste the text provided HERE and send in an email to your local Mayor’s office.]

Letter to mayor:

Following injuries to Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce, New York Jets quarterback Aaron Rogers, and others, the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) is calling for a return to natural turf. The same issue arises with regard to playing fields for school and community sports. Besides the issue of safety for players, artificial turf is a source of environmental pollution that is difficult to mitigate.

Although manufacturers of artificial turf tout supposed benefits, claiming improved safety and reduced environmental impact, among others, there are reasons to believe otherwise. Although manufacturers and advocates of artificial turf tout its benefits, claiming improved safety and reduced environmental impact, among others, the facts contradict these claims.

Injuries to high profile professional football players have prompted the NFLPA to urge the NFL to follow the lead of the FIFA World Cup soccer championship, which requires a grass playing field.

Synthetic turf also causes injuries to young athletes.

A groundbreaking study, The dark side of artificial greening: Plastic turfs as widespread pollutants of aquatic environments, has unearthed some disturbing revelations on the use of artificial turf, which has become a pervasive fixture on sports fields and playgrounds. This comprehensive study, prominently featured in the Environmental Pollution (June 2023) journal, has cast a spotlight on the dire consequences of plastic fibers from artificial turf, which are wreaking havoc on marine ecosystems.

River transport and stormwater runoff can carry plastics and microplastics into waterways. Once they make their way into the water, these fibers pose a menacing threat to marine life, leading to a host of health issues and, tragically, even mortality. The fibers also accumulate in sediments, compromising the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. Immediate intervention is needed to tackle artificial turf pollution, including enhanced waste management practices to staunch the plastic fibers from entering aquatic habitats.

Communities discussing synthetic versus natural turf are faced with issues that go to safety, environmental health, and cost. The chemicals used to manage synthetic turf for bacteria, mold, and fungus raise serious health issues and represent a threat that does not exist in organic land management. A builder of sports facilities, American Athletic, states, “Beyond surface cleaning, the artificial turf should be sanitized weekly or monthly to protect the players’ and coaches’ health. This disinfection requires special solvents, cleansers, and anti-microbial products to remove invisible particles and bacterial growth. You should strive to sanitize the field after every game and throughout the school day if it’s used for physical education classes.”

Artificial fields can cost over $1 million for both the field installation, drainage system, and any additional costs for water treatment for an approximately ten-year lifespan, not including the game-day and ongoing maintenance costs. Manufacturers also recommend watering the synthetic fields during hot weather because of the heat generated by the artificial material. Studies record maximum surface temperatures on synthetic fields during hot, sunny conditions averaging from 140° F to 170° F, while natural grass is rarely recorded to be above 100° F.

When all the synthetic turf issues are considered, including chemical use, maintenance, heat effects, water contamination and treatment, playability and safety, organic grass turf offers an improvement in every way. Organic management practices build soil health, cycle nutrients naturally, enhance turf resiliency, reduce water use, and do not use petrochemical pesticides or fertilizers.

Please ensure that our community’s playing fields are made of natural grass maintained organically.

Thank you.

Letter to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell

I support the request of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) or a return to natural turf on playing fields. Besides the issue of safety for players, artificial turf is a source of environmental pollution that is difficult to mitigate.

Although manufacturers of artificial turf tout supposed benefits, claiming improved safety and reduced environmental impact, among others, there are reasons to believe otherwise. Although manufacturers and advocates of artificial turf tout its benefits, claiming improved safety and reduced environmental impact, among others, the facts contradict these claims.

Injuries to high profile professional football players have prompted the NFLPA to urge the NFL to follow the lead of the FIFA World Cup soccer association, which requires a grass playing field.

A groundbreaking study, The dark side of artificial greening: Plastic turfs as widespread pollutants of aquatic environments, has unearthed some disturbing revelations on the use of artificial turf, which has become a pervasive fixture on sports fields and playgrounds. This comprehensive study, prominently featured in the Environmental Pollution (June 2023) journal, has cast a spotlight on the dire consequences of plastic fibers from artificial turf, which are wreaking havoc on marine ecosystems.

River transport and stormwater runoff can carry plastics and microplastics into waterways. Once they make their way into the water, these fibers pose a menacing threat to marine life, leading to a host of health issues and, tragically, even mortality. The fibers also accumulate in sediments, compromising the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. The authors of the study call for immediate intervention to tackle artificial turf pollution. The study authors indicate that plastic fields require enhanced waste management practices to staunch the plastic fibers from entering aquatic habitats.

Artificial fields can cost over $1 million for both the field installation, drainage system, and any additional costs for water treatment for an approximately ten-year lifespan, not including the game-day and ongoing maintenance costs. Manufacturers also recommend watering the synthetic fields during hot weather because of the heat generated by the artificial material. Studies record maximum surface temperatures on synthetic fields during hot, sunny conditions averaging from 140° F to 170° F, while natural grass is rarely recorded to be above 100° F.

The chemicals used to manage synthetic turf for bacteria, mold, and fungus raise serious health issues and represent a threat that does not exist in organic land management. A builder of sports facilities, American Athletic, states, “Beyond surface cleaning, the artificial turf should be sanitized weekly or monthly to protect the players’ and coaches’ health. This disinfection requires special solvents, cleansers, and anti-microbial products to remove invisible particles and bacterial growth. You should strive to sanitize the field after every game and throughout the school day if it’s used for physical education classes.”

When all the synthetic turf issues are considered, including chemical use, maintenance, heat effects, water contamination and treatment, playability and safety, organic grass turf offers an approach that checks all the critical boxes for protecting health and the environment at a competitive price. Organic management practices build soil health, cycle nutrients naturally, enhance turf resiliency, reduce water use, and do not use petrochemical pesticides or fertilizers. While FIFA guidelines for grass turf do not mandate organic management, they provide a standard for construction and maintenance to which organic practices can be applied.

Therefore, I request that you require NFL playing fields to be grass turf that is transitioned to organic management.

Thank you.

(Beyond Pesticides, November 3, 2023) California joined 10 other states that have laws partially restricting use of bee-toxic neonicotinoid (neonic) insecticides with the enactment of CA AB 363 into law in October, 2023.  California’s new law will ban over-the-counter sales of lawn and garden neonics by 2025, limiting their use to licensed pesticide applicators. The legislation gives the state’s Department of Pesticide Regulation (CA EPA) until June 30, 2029 to take broader action on neonics, if it determines restrictions are necessary. CA 363 will take neonics out of the hands of homeowners, while allowing lawn care companies to continue use. The California law falls short of the strongest state laws in Nevada, New Jersey, and Maine that eliminate all outdoor (nonagricultural) uses of these chemicals, even by lawn care companies. In June, 2023 Nevada became the third state to ban lawn and garden uses of neonics, while Colorado prohibited homeowner use of land and garden neonic products, similar to laws in Maryland, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont.  Minnesota recently banned neonic use on state lands and granted its home-rule subdivisions the authority to ban “pollinator-lethal pesticides” (those with bee warning labels) under its state law preempting local authority to restrict pesticides. All of these state-level restrictions pale in comparison to the robust protections currently implemented in the European Union (EU), where the EU has banned neonicotinoid pesticide use on all outdoor areas, allowing use only in enclosed greenhouses. 

Advocates view as positive the 11 states acting on neonics and asserting their authority in the absence of action by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but see the legislative action as falling short, given the escalating and devastating health, biodiversity, and climate crises that are linked to neonicotinoids and other petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers. Evaluating individual hazardous pesticides has been dubbed a process of the “whack-a-mole.” Professor and author David Goulson, PhD, who studies the enormity of the pollinator and biodiversity crisis, recently spoke at Beyond Pesticides’ September National Forum Series, and urged a rejection of this “whack a mole” approach in favor of a systemic change to stop all pesticide and synthetic chemical use. The solution, he said, can be found in a systems approach like organic land management; it is effective and will safeguard pollinators, food production, wildlife, water quality, and the environment, while reducing risks to human health.

Beyond Pesticides advocates for the transition from chemical dependency to organic land management in food production, and in parks, playing fields, and all recreational and public spaces. “We urge elected officials nationwide to see the looming biodiversity collapse as reason for broader action to eliminate petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers with organic systems that are effective and cost competitive,” said Jay Feldman, executive director of Beyond Pesticides. “Each ban or partial regulation of a particular pesticide, each bit of research demonstrating harms — these represent small, incremental advances on a pesticide problem that is vast in scope and requires a shift to organic,” says Mr. Feldman.

Neonics more toxic than DDT

Dr. Goulson, author of Silent Earth: Averting the Insect Apocalypse (2021), spoke to the role of toxic neonics during Beyond Pesticides’ National Forum Series on September 14, 2023. He said, “One of the properties of neonicotinoids is that they are phenomenally toxic… you certainly heard of DDT. Imidacloprid … is much, much more toxic than other insecticides that went before. It takes just four nanograms per billion of a gram to kill a bee compared to DDT,” making imidacloprid and this new generation of insecticides about 7,000 times more poisonous to a honey bee than DDT. “That means that a teaspoon of imidacloprid would be enough to kill one and a quarter billion honey bees. So the fact that we are applying hundreds of tons of these chemicals to the landscape is quite concerning.”

Treated seeds loophole remains (CA 1042 and NY Birds and Bees Protection Act)

California Governor Gavin Newsom declined to sign into law AB 1042, which could have made a modest step toward addressing the neonic-treated seeds loophole that allows neonic-coated seed to go unregulated by either EPA or state regulatory agencies, despite proven deadly effects and well documented harm to biodiversity, human health, and widespread contamination of groundwater and surface waters. The New York State Assembly passed a similar bill (A03226), the Birds and Bees Protection Act, that awaits NY Governor Kathy Hochul’s signature. The NY bill would ban neonicotinoid use on outdoor ornamental plants and turf, with a general exemption for agriculture, except for treated seeds. The coated seed provision of the act would be suspended if the Commissioner of Agriculture determines that neonic-free seeds are not commercially available. With chemical companies controlling the seed market, the effectiveness of this provision remains to be seen. A phaseout of treated seeds would incentive and help grow the neonic-free seed market. The bill would leave the most widely used neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, as well as thiamethoxam or acetamiprid, on the market until July 1, 2025.

Meanwhile, the intensive use of neonics as seed treatments continues despite a stark lack of efficacy. EPA itself (in 2014) reported that “seed treatments with neonicotinoid insecticides provide little or no overall benefit in controlling insects or improving yield or quality in soybean production.” (See the detailed EPA letter on the underlying research here.) Research in 2019, as reported by Beyond Pesticides, found that neonic-treated soybeans provide negligible benefits to farmers in terms of yield and overall economic benefit. EPA ought, in its neonic registrations and re-registrations, to evaluate whether pesticide compounds — especially those with such demonstrated harms as neonics cause—are necessary and effective before introducing them into the environment or allowing their continued deployment.

Minnesota took a small step regulating pesticide-treated seeds, including neonicotinoid coated seeds, and their disposal, after treated seeds were used in ethanol production, creating toxic waste with disastrous consequences. Because of a regulatory loophole, EPA does not monitor or otherwise regulate treated seed use and disposal. In the absence of any federal regulation, Minnesota laws HF1317/ SF1339  will now direct state officials to develop rules and consumer guidelines for the proper use and disposal of “waste” pesticide-treated seeds.

Because the use of neonics is widespread, from agriculture to parks, playing fields, to lawns, public exposure is dramatically high. As reported in January, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cites half the U.S. population encountering at least one type of neonic daily, with children ages three to five having the highest exposure risk. Health impacts of exposure to neonics can include neurotoxicity, reproductive anomalies, hepatic and renal damage, and an increase in gene expression linked to hormone-dependent breast cancer… mounting evidence over the past years shows that chronic exposure to sublethal (low) levels of pesticides can cause neurotoxic effects or exacerbate preexisting chemical damage to the nervous system. The impacts of pesticides on the nervous system, including the brain, are hazardous, especially for chronically exposed individuals (e.g., farmworkers) or during critical windows of vulnerability and development (e.g., childhood, pregnancy).

Pollinator losses have broad implications for reducing the global production of nuts, fruits, and vegetables by 3-5%, and this loss of healthy, nutrient-dense food is resulting in over 425,000 excess deaths each year, according to research published in December 2022 in Environmental Health Perspectives. According to researchers, “Today’s estimated health impacts of insufficient pollination would be comparable to other major global risk factors: those attributable to substance use disorders, interpersonal violence, or prostate cancer.”

The availability of nontoxic alternative materials and practices, as are used in organic management, raises questions about EPA’s determination that neonic use is “reasonable” for registered crops under federal pesticide law, given competitive productivity and profitability without it. Beyond Pesticides advocates for organic land and agriculture management as precautionary approach to pest prevention and management. Buying, growing, and supporting organic can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in the environment and from your diet. For more information on why organic is the right choice for consumers and the farmworkers who grow our food, see Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture.

You can eliminate neonics and all toxic pesticides used in your community by working with Beyond Pesticides and it Parks for a Sustainable Future program. See also Tools for Change. For nuts-and-bolts information on strategy and implementation of organic land management, attend Beyond Pesticides National Forum Series session 3 online on November 29, 2023 at 2pm Eastern—Transformative Community-Based Change from the Ground Up: Managing Parks and Playing Fields with Organic Practices and Policies.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Sources: Neonicotinoid insecticides: Failing to come to grips with a predictable environmental disaster, American Bird Conservancy, June 2023; Environmental Health Perspectives; States Make Way for Pesticide Reform; EPA Report on Neonics Proves US Has ‘Five-Alarm Fire’ on Its Hands, Green Groups Say; Thinking Holistically When Making Land Management Decisions

(Beyond Pesticides, November 1, 2023) A study published in Environmental Health Perspective finds the risk of acute childhood leukemia (AL), specifically acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), slightly increases with exposure to pesticides (i.e., insecticides and herbicides) from uses on vines, a crop subject to intensive pesticide use. Within 1 kilometer [km] of vineyards, the risk of ALL among children increases in areas with a higher density of vines. Although medical advancements in disease survival are more common nowadays, childhood AL remains the secondary cause of child mortality following physical injury. Furthermore, childhood leukemia survivors can suffer from chronic or long-term health complications that may be life-threatening.

The etiology or cause of childhood AL involves the interaction of multiple components, including lifestyle and genetics; emerging evidence indicates that environmental contaminants (e.g., pesticides, air pollution, solvents, diet, etc.) play a role in disease. Pesticide contamination is widespread in all ecosystems, and chemical compounds can accumulate in human tissues, resulting in chronic health effects. Children are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of pesticide exposure as their developing bodies cannot adequately combat exposure effects. Already, studies find low levels of pesticide exposure during pregnancy or childhood cause adverse health effects, from metabolic disorders to mental and physical disabilities. Moreover, several studies demonstrate an association between environmental or occupational pesticide exposure and the risk of childhood cancer, specifically focusing on leukemia.

Acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer, accounting for one of three cancer cases in children ages 0 to 14. Although the disease is rare, incidents have been steadily increasing among adolescents over the last 30 years. Therefore, studies like these highlight the importance of understanding how pesticide use can increase the risk of latent diseases (e.g., cancers) among vulnerable populations, such as children/infants/fetuses.

Using national registry-based GEOCAP study data, researchers evaluate acute leukemia cases of children under 15 years who received the diagnosis between 2006 and 2013. Land use maps provided geographical information indicating the proximity of children living near vineyards (200 meters (m), 500m, 1000m) and the density of vines within the 1000m area. To estimate the odds ratios for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and myeloid (AML) subtypes, the study employed a logistic regression model, with sensitivity analyses considering geocoding uncertainty, the density of other crops, and potential demographic and environmental confounders. Of the children with AL, about 10 percent were viable for the study, residing within 1000m of vineyards. Although proximity to vines has little association with AL, the density of vines within the area is associated with ALL. Thus, the results suggest that pesticide use is more prevalent among dense areas of vines regardless of proximity to vines. For instance, if a child lives 200m from vines in a less vine-dense area, they will experience less risk of AL compared to a child living 1000m from vines in a heavily vine-dense area. 

Environmental contaminants like pesticides are ubiquitous in the environment, with 90 percent of Americans having at least one pesticide compound in their body. This bodily contamination affects human health, especially during vulnerable life stages like childhood, puberty, pregnancy, and old age. Many studies indicate prenatal and early-life exposure to environmental toxicants increases disease susceptibility. The scientific connection between pesticides and associated cancer risks is nothing new. Several studies link pesticide use and residues to various cancers, with 66 percent related to environmental factors, especially in occupations of high chemical use. In addition to the robust link between agricultural practices and pesticide-related illnesses, over 63 percent of commonly used lawn pesticides and 70 percent of commonly used school pesticides have links to cancer. U.S. National Institutes of Health’s National Cancer Institute also finds many cancer-causing substances are endocrine disruptors. Globally, cancer is one of the leading causes of death, with over 8 million people succumbing to the disease every year. The International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) predicts new cancer cases to rise 67.4% by 2030.

This study is one of the few nationwide GIS-based studies assessing childhood leukemia risk among individuals living near grape vines used for viticulture, addressing the question of AL risk among children living close to viticultural areas in France for the first time. However, previous studies find that maternal exposure to pesticides during gestation results in a more elevated leukemia risk for children than childhood (postnatal) exposure. Whether pesticide exposure is occupational or mixed, parental exposure to pesticides has the highest association with AL risk, including paternal (father) exposure. Exposure to pesticides during pregnancy increases the risk of developing AL and ALL. Infant leukemia incidents depend on maternal pesticide exposure during pregnancy, with a higher risk for acute lymphoblastic and the highest risk for infant acute myeloid leukemia.

Although pesticide products are subject to an extensive toxicological assessment before registration, current regulatory guideline studies fail to assess genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in utero that induces infant leukemia incidents. For instance, studies have long demonstrated that childhood and in-utero exposure to the U.S.-banned insecticide DDT increases the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Moreover, a 2021 study finds previous maternal exposure to the chemical compound during pregnancy can increase the risk of breast cancer and cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., heart disease, obesity, diabetes) up to three successive generations. Even household cleaners, many of which are pesticides, can increase nephroblastoma (kidney cancer) and brain tumor risk in children. Children are more susceptible to the toxic effect of pesticide exposure as their endocrine and metabolic systems cannot adequately detoxify and excrete chemical compounds. Moreover, pesticides can hinder childhood development, making children more vulnerable to acute health effects like asthma/respiratory issues, gut dysbiosis, cardiovascular diseases, and other physical and mental birth abnormalities. Therefore, it is essential to understand how external stimuli—like environmental pollution from pesticides—can drive cancer development to avoid exposure and lessen potential cancer risks.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Hence, studies concerning pesticides and cancer help future epidemiologic research understand the underlying mechanisms that cause the disease. There is a severe deficiency in understanding the etiology of pesticide-induced diseases, including predictable lag time between chemical exposure, health impacts, and epidemiologic data. Therefore, advocates maintain that lawmakers and regulators should take a more precautionary approach before introducing these chemicals into the environment. With far too many diseases in the U.S. associated with pesticide exposure, eliminating pesticide use is critical to safeguarding public health and addressing cost burdens for local communities. Beyond Pesticides’ Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database (PIDD) is a vital resource for additional scientific literature that documents elevated cancer rates and other chronic diseases and illnesses among people exposed to pesticides. This database supports the clear need for strategic action to shift away from pesticide dependency. For more information on pesticide exposure’s multiple harms, see PIDD pages on leukemia and other cancers, birth/fetal defects, endocrine disruption, and other diseases.

One way to reduce human and environmental contamination from pesticides is by buying, growing, and supporting organic land management. Organic agriculture has many health and environmental benefits, which curtail the need for chemical-intensive agricultural practices. Numerous studies find that pesticide metabolites in urine drop considerably when switching to an all-organic diet. Furthermore, given the wide availability of non-pesticidal alternative strategies, families and agricultural industry workers can apply these methods to promote a safe and healthy environment, especially among chemically vulnerable individuals. For more information on how organic is the right choice for consumers and the farmworkers that grow our food, see the Beyond Pesticides webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Environmental Health Perspective 

(Beyond Pesticides, November 1, 2023) As communities consider maintenance and renovation of their playing fields, it is not uncommon for synthetic (or artificial) turf to come up as an alternative to natural grass. Promoters of synthetic turf argue that it provides a solution to climate change, reduces water use and maintenance costs, and allows for year-round play. But is this true? Is synthetic turf an environmentally responsible alternative to its organic grass counterpart? An established and growing body of scientific evidence is demonstrating environmental and health risks with synthetic turf. In addition, there is growing concern for the safety of those playing on artificial grass, which has led to a call from the National Football League’s (NFL) Players Association to utilize natural grass on all 30 NFL stadiums after New York Jets quarterback Aaron Rodgers suffered a season-ending Achilles tear in September and Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce’s mid-game ankle injury.

Synthetic turf playing fields are reliant on polluting plastic (can contain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances-PFAS) and toxic pesticides for managing bacteria, mold and fungus, create contaminated water runoff, and cover over the natural environment, which is critical to preserving health and biodiversity, and averting climate disasters. Artificial fields can cost over $1 million for both the field installation, drainage system, and any additional costs for water treatment for an approximately ten-year lifespan, not including the game-day and ongoing maintenance costs. Manufacturers also recommend watering the synthetic field during the hottest time period because of the heat generated by the artificial material. The National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) writes on synthetic turf: “[T]he high surface-level temperatures recorded on these fields compared to natural turf have been well-documented. Since grass leaves release water vapor (or transpire) and the evaporation of that water vapor leads to cooling, grass fields rarely get above 100° F. [Synthetic] Turf fields, in comparison, regularly rise well above 100° F. Penn State University’s Center for Sports Surface Research conducted studies comparing surface temperatures of synthetic turfs composed of various fiber and infill colors/materials and found that the maximum surface temperatures during hot, sunny conditions averaged from 140° F to 170° F. The high surface-level temperatures on synthetic fields can lead to dehydration, burns and blisters if exposed skin comes into contact with the hot surface, as well as heat stroke.” Restricted play is advised when temperatures exceed 80° F.

Synthetic turf is widespread across the United States. According to a multi-federal-agency presentation, there were 12,000-13,000 synthetic turf fields in the U.S. in 2019, with 1,200 – 1,500 new installations each year. Based on estimates, the global artificial turf market was valued at $8.1 billion in 2021, and it is expected to reach over $12 billion by 2027. Many of these fields have recycled tire crumb rubber, and a small fraction use coconut-based alternatives. According to Dan Bond, the president and CEO of the Synthetic Turf Council, “Over 90 percent of those fields have crumb rubber infill, and the other infills — the coconut, the EPDM, the virgin rubber, thermoplastics — are 1 to 2 percent.” Mr. Bond elaborated in an article by Athletic Business, “It’s a very small market share. It’s growing, but it certainly is not going to overtake crumb rubber in five years.” Typically produced from discarded tires, crumb rubber has been shown to contain carcinogens and heavy metals.

A groundbreaking study, The dark side of artificial greening: Plastic turfs as widespread pollutants of aquatic environments, has unearthed some disturbing revelations on the use of artificial turf, which has become a pervasive fixture on sports fields and playgrounds. This comprehensive study, prominently featured in the Environmental Pollution (June 2023) journal, has cast a spotlight on the dire consequences of plastic fibers from artificial turf, which are wreaking havoc on marine ecosystems.

The study has uncovered multiple entry points, such as river transport and stormwater runoff, where plastics and microplastics can enter watersheds. Once they make their way into the water, these fibers pose a menacing threat to marine life, leading to a host of health issues and, tragically, even mortality. These fibers also accumulate in sediments, compromising the overall health of aquatic ecosystems.

The authors of the study call for immediate intervention to tackle artificial turf pollution. The study authors indicate that plastic fields require enhanced waste management practices to staunch the plastic fibers from entering aquatic habitats. The results of this study serve as a call to policymakers, sports organizations, and the general public.

Communities discussing synthetic versus natural turf are faced with a number of issues that go to safety, environmental health, and cost. The chemicals used to manage synthetic turf for bacteria, mold, and fungus raise serious health issues and represent a threat that does not exist in organic land management. A builder of sports facilities, American Athletic, states, “Beyond surface cleaning, the artificial turf should be sanitized weekly or monthly to protect the players’ and coaches’ health. This disinfection requires special solvents, cleansers, and anti-microbial products to remove invisible particles and bacterial growth. You should strive to sanitize the field after every game and throughout the school day if it’s used for physical education classes.”

When all the synthetic turf issues are considered, including chemical use, maintenance, heat effects, water contamination and treatment, playability and safety, organic turf offers an approach that checks all the critical boxes for protecting health and the environment at a competitive price. Organic management practices build soil health, cycle nutrients naturally, enhance turf resiliency, reduce water use, and do not use petrochemical pesticides or fertilizers. The organic alternative is central to a community’s discussion about its residents commitment to both the elimination of practices and products that are petrochemical-based and the ability of organically managed soils to draw down (sequester) atmospheric carbon, which contributes to mitigating global warming and erratic temperatures.

Learn more about how easy it is to create non-plastic and organic turf care. Prevent plastics from entering your local community with toxic and unsafe astroturf and artificial grass. Sign up to be a Parks Advocate today to encourage your community to transition to organic land management. Plan on attending Session 3 of the National Forum, Transformative Community-Based Change from the Ground Up: Managing Parks and Playing Fields with Organic Practices and Policies, on November 29, 2023, at 2:00 pm Eastern. Speaker and registration information HERE. This session is for all who want beautiful landscapes, parks, and playing fields without the reliance on petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers. The subject matter is cross-cutting and will inform people concerned about their health and community health, elected officials (from town, city, county, regional, state to school boards) interested in effecting movement away from toxic chemical reliance, and land managers and landscapers who work in parks and on playing fields and other landscapes.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: The dark side of artificial greening: Plastic turfs as widespread pollutants of aquatic environments

(Beyond Pesticides, October 31, 2023) With cooler weather setting in and people heading indoors and closing windows, the issue of COVID-19 transmission escalates, as do concerns about toxic chemicals filling the indoor ambient air. As a recent segment of 60 Minutes (October 29, 2023) stresses, COVID-19 spreads elevated public concern and understanding about the importance of ventilation, filtration, and air exchange to indoor air quality. Unfortunately, the concerns about indoor air are not limited to COVID-19 as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) invade most spaces where people live and work. These invisible toxic substances can be found in common household products, furniture, mattresses, and more, including pesticides in and around the house. Recognizing the risks associated with VOCs and the potentially hazardous off-gassing process is crucial for protecting public health. 

VOCs are a group of chemicals that can easily vaporize into the air at room temperature. These compounds are found in many everyday items, including furniture, cleaning products, pesticides, cosmetics, and even air fresheners. Some household products, particularly pesticides, can introduce their own set of risks in addition to the risks they pose due to their VOC content. VOCs can range from harmless to harmful, and their presence can have a significant impact on indoor air quality. VOCs encompass a wide range of chemicals, including formaldehyde, polyurethane foam, phthalates, acetone, and benzene. 

VOC ingredients in pesticide products are typically withheld from product labels, hidden under the general category of “inerts” or “other” in the ingredients panel. Manufacturers claim the ingredients to be proprietary and are not required to be disclosed to the consumer under federal pesticide law because the companies argue that they are not in the product formulation to attack the target pest. However, the undisclosed pesticide ingredients may cause adverse biological or chemical activity. This issue has sparked controversy, as advocates have unsuccessfully attempted to change U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) policy under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, which regulates pesticides in the United States. 

While VOC exposure is not a new issue, there is a renewed sense of urgency to improve indoor air quality following notable studies by Joe Allen, PhD, of Harvard University, and Linsey Marr, PhD, of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, which have highlighted the pivotal role of subpar indoor air ventilation systems in increasing the spread of COVID-19. Namely, the studies found that the aerosolized particles containing the virus were able to spread throughout indoor rooms and increase infection rates without proper air exchange rates. In a demonstration by Dr. Marr, she visualized how exhaled breath traveled in all directions in a room with stagnant air flow, leading to the increased airborne transmission of COVID and other airborne illnesses. Then, she showed how exhaled breath traveled upwards in a uniform path inside a properly ventilated room, showing how the risk of spread decreases significantly under these conditions.

These findings are significant in the context of harmful VOCs in indoor spaces. As most indoor spaces meet bare minimum requirements of air circulation and refresh rates, places like living spaces and school classrooms are especially susceptible to locking in and spreading harmful VOCs and illnesses alike. 

Poor ventilation indoors can exacerbate symptoms of VOC Exposure. Short-term exposure symptoms include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Prolonged exposure to harmful VOCs can result in more severe health problems, including damage to the kidney, liver, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are classified as carcinogens, increasing the risk of conditions like lung cancer.

These effects are exacerbated by a process called off-gassing, which is of critical concern when it comes to VOCs and furniture. It refers to the process by which materials containing VOCs release these chemicals into the air over time. Off-gassing is particularly prevalent in new furniture, as the VOCs have not yet been released, leading to higher emission rates.

The primary sources of off-gassing in homes are plywood and wood furniture (which often contain formaldehyde), electronic devices, mattresses, carpets, couches, paint, and construction materials found in newly built homes. Plywood and wood furniture are especially significant contributors to off-gassing because they are highly porous, absorbing substantial amounts of VOCs. This high porosity results in a prolonged release of these harmful compounds into the indoor environment, making them notable culprits in diminishing indoor air quality.

The off-gassing process is especially concerning, given EPA has expressed concerns about VOCs due to their potential health impacts. According to information on the EPA’s website, a study called the “Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study,” which was completed in 1985, discovered that approximately a dozen common organic pollutants were 2 to 5 times more concentrated inside homes compared to outdoor environments. This held true regardless of whether the homes were situated in rural or highly industrial areas. The TEAM studies also revealed that when people use products containing organic chemicals, they can expose themselves and others to high levels of pollutants. Even after the activity is finished, these elevated concentrations can persist in the air. The New York State Department of Health also addresses this issue in its publication titled “Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Commonly Used Products.”

The widespread presence of these harmful chemicals in furniture and other household goods can be traced back to California’s old flame retardant regulations. In 1975, California implemented a regulation requiring all upholstered furniture in the state to contain flame-retardant chemicals. As California was a substantial market, manufacturers opted to adopt these standards for furniture sold nationwide, which led to the pervasive use of these toxic chemicals.

The chemicals used in flame retardants have been linked to cancer, endocrine disruption, neurobehavioral function issues, and adverse effects on fetal development. Eventually, this regulation was revised under the California flammability standard, SB 1019, passed in 2014, which allowed furniture manufacturers to cease using harmful flame retardant chemicals in polyurethane foam, offering a safer option for consumers. Furniture manufactured after January 1, 2015, is less likely to contain these harmful flame retardants, while products purchased between 1975 and 2014 may expose families to these toxic chemicals.

However, other harmful VOCs are still present in furniture and other household items. Newborns and infants are especially vulnerable to the effects of the resulting off-gassing, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to environmental toxins. Mattresses and baby items can emit harmful VOCs, potentially affecting the health and well-being of children. Parents should exercise caution when choosing products for their nurseries and opt for those labeled with Greenguard certifications, which indicate low or no levels of hazardous VOCs.

Despite the well-documented adverse effects of certain VOCs that permeate household products, EPA refrains from implementing regulations concerning these chemicals within the home. This is in stark contrast to their oversight of outdoor air quality, where VOCs are regulated. EPA maintains that its jurisdiction does not extend to indoor air quality and it regulates only under section 183(e) of the Clean Air Act (Act), while states have plans approved by the agency.

EPA explicitly notes that “[E]ven if we had the authority to regulate indoor air quality, it would be difficult to regulate household (or other) products because we have no authority to collect information on the chemical content of products in the marketplace (nor does any Federal Agency).”

In fact, EPA has a history of approving harmful aerosol air sanitizer pesticides for use against COVID-19 and other bacteria and viruses. In October 2022, the EPA approved 32 varieties of a new pesticide for air sanitizers. The formulation contained 14% dipropylene glycol, with the other 86% of the formulation not specified. This action, while intended to decrease pathogens in indoor air, failed to do so by not taking into account that disinfectants and sanitizers emit VOCs and negatively affect the immune system, thus reducing resistance to disease. Instead of exercising jurisdiction over improving indoor air ventilation, the EPA turned to harmful pesticides once again, putting people with preexisting conditions, the elderly, and children at elevated risk from exposure. 

Therefore, given the lack of protective action from government agencies, it is crucial to make informed choices and protect your family. Consider these steps when shopping for furniture and household items:

1. Check Labels: With pressed-wood products, look for furniture items that meet ultra-low emitting formaldehyde (ULEF) or no added formaldehyde (NAF) standards. Products labeled as “Zero VOC” and “Low VOC” are also safer choices.
2. Look for organic furniture and mattresses that are certified free from VOCs and flame retardants. With mattresses, check if materials meet the Global Organic Textile Standard.
3. Increase Ventilation: Proper ventilation can help reduce indoor air pollution. Ensure your living space is well-ventilated, particularly when introducing new furniture or items.
4. Filter Your Air: Air purifiers with activated carbon filters can help remove VOCs from the air, improving indoor air quality.
5. Choose Safer Alternatives: When possible, opt for solid wood furniture, used furniture that has had time to air out, and electronic devices with low VOC emissions.

If you discover that you own products containing harmful VOCs or flame retardants and wish to dispose of them responsibly, consider disposing of them at hazardous waste facilities or contacting manufacturers. Some manufacturers offer take-back programs for their products, which can be an environmentally responsible way to dispose of old items.

With increased awareness, informed consumer choices, and the proper disposal of harmful products, individuals can reduce their exposure to these toxins, creating safer and healthier living environments for themselves and their families. The power to protect well-being begins with understanding the hidden dangers within one’s own home.

For more information on harmful toxins in the home and to stay updated on other toxic chemicals and pesticides, please visit the Beyond Pesticides website. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Source: EWG, What Are VOCs?

(Beyond Pesticides, October 30, 2023) TAKE ACTION. It is said that the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result. And so it goes with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) proposal to register a new genetically engineered pesticide for the Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB); this time with a pesticide that has not been fully evaluated for its adverse effects to people and the environment. [Submit a public comment before comment period ends today, October 30, 2023.]

Chemical-intensive agriculture has failed to control CPB since resistance to DDT was identified in 1952 and has continued with every family of pesticides since then. CPB has been dubbed the billion-dollar-bug because of the investment in failed attempts of chemical manufacturers to control the insect, the profits generated by chemical companies despite this failure, and the resulting losses for chemical-intensive farmers—not to mention government expenditures for the registration of chemicals that have short efficacy, pollution costs associated with chemical production and use, and lost ecosystem services. But, EPA is at it again, registering a new novel pesticide active ingredient, Ledprona, which raises the stakes on potential harm. The only winners in this ongoing failure are the chemical manufacturers that continue to reap huge economic benefits from the sale of their highly toxic pesticides. Meanwhile, according to research published in Molecular Biology and Evolution (2022) and hundreds of other scientific articles over the years, “This is the case with insect “super-pests,” which repeatedly evolve insecticide resistance even as they are faced with completely novel insecticides, thus perpetuating the arms race that defines the pesticide treadmill.” And yet, EPA is still at it, despite the success of alternative strategies with organic management systems.

Take Action: Tell EPA not to register Ledprona without complete data supporting its safety.

While researchers and the chemical industry keep trying to develop new “silver-bullet” chemicals for controlling CPB, EPA has ignored methods of agricultural management that work without reliance on toxic chemicals. Advocates say that this newest proposed pesticide exemplifies the worst of EPA’s pesticide registration program, governed by its Office of Pesticide Programs, because there are alternative methods and the risks of Ledprona have not been found to be “reasonable”—even under a weak federal pesticide law, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

The University of Minnesota Extension, in its publication “Organic management recommendations for Colorado potato beetle,” describes the range of methods that are integrated into an organic systems approach not reliant on pesticides. It includes crop rotation, early maturing varieties, mulching systems and habitat for natural enemies like ladybugs and parasitic wasps, trapping, and a naturally occurring soil bacterium.

FIFRA requires that EPA register a pesticide only if it determines that the pesticide “will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on the environment.” EPA admits that it is basing its proposed registration decision solely on data the registrant GreenLight Biosciences submitted to fulfill requirements for its prior application for an experimental use permit (EUP), without any additional data. However, there are far fewer data requirements for approval of an EUP than are required for a full registration.

Ledprona’s use of RNAi makes it unique and unlike any other insecticide sprayed on fields. The use of new technology makes it especially imperative to examine all required data for any potential unintended consequences. Since these novel pesticides may be applied by plane, EPA must thoroughly assess the real-world impacts of pesticide drift. This technology, which penetrates plant tissues and leaves traces in the soil, can cause widespread indiscriminate poisoning—as has been seen with bees, butterflies, birds, and the larger catastrophic decline of insect populations, called the “insect apocalypse.” The effects, especially on threatened and endangered species like the American burying beetle, Hungerford’s crawling water beetle, the Northeastern beach tiger beetle, and the Puritan tiger beetle, must be evaluated. These species are found near potato production areas close to where the Experimental Trials were being conducted and could be direct casualties of this new biopesticide.

In addition, researchers from the U.S. and Switzerland have published findings, a beginning assessment of how the use of this new category of pesticides—RNAi, delivered in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules—might impact soils and nontarget microorganisms in the soil. The coauthors (Kimberly M. Parker, PhD, et al.) note that, “The ecological risk assessment of these emerging pesticides necessitates an understanding of the fate of dsRNA molecules in receiving environments, among which agricultural soils are most important.” Their research has continued, finding that “Due to the ability of DOM (dissolved organic matter) to both bind and suppress the enzymatic degradation of RNA, RNA biodegradation may be slowed in environmental systems with high DOM concentrations, which may increase its persistence.”

Beyond Pesticides is advising the public to Tell EPA not to register Ledprona without complete data supporting its safety.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Sources. Molecular Biology and Evolution (2022), Science Daily, EPA Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPP-2021-0271.

(Beyond Pesticides, October 27, 2023) In a typical move, EPA proposes to greenlight a type of genetic engineering to solve a problem created by the industrial paradigm for pest control, i.e. vast acreages of monoculture treated with millions of tons of toxic pesticides leading to rapid resistance among crop pests. In this case EPA wants to approve using a nucleic acid—double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)–called “interfering RNA,” or RNAi—to silence a gene crucial to the survival of the Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB), the scourge of potato farmers around the world. But EPA has skipped over important steps in its decision-making process and rushed to judgment.

Like chemical pesticides, genetically-based pesticides are regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). In 2020, Massachusetts-based GreenLight Biosciences applied for registration of its RNAi active ingredient, Ledprona, and its end-use product, Calantha. The company executive heading the effort is an alumnus of Monsanto and several other major chemical companies. Last May EPA granted GreenLight an Experimental Use Permit (EUP) authorizing field studies in states that produce tons of potatoes. A mere five months later, EPA announced its decision to approve the registration based almost entirely on incomplete EUP data and giving the public very little time to comment.

Formally titled “Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB)-specific recombinant double-stranded interfering Oligonucleotide GS2 Leptinotarsa decemlineata,” Ledprona disrupts an RNA process inside cells to block expression of a particular CPB gene. This prevents the gene from specifying an important protein. When a CPB ingests Ledprona on a potato leaf, the RNAi nucleotide spreads into the cells of the beetle’s gut. The cells die, which shortly kills the beetle.

Unfortunately, dsRNA molecules may wander from their intended targets. Inside a cell, the long dsRNA strand gets clipped into small pieces called siRNAs (“small interfering RNAs”), whose configuration may also align with many other sections of a genome and affect nontarget genes, with entirely different effects. One experiment with interfering RNA found complete matches in 17 percent of off-target sequences. Neither EPA nor Greenlight has addressed this risk.

According to EPA’s Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), Greenlight intends Calantha to be applied in ground spray, aerial spray (via airplane) and in irrigation water—in other words, very broadly, and in a manner that will inevitably entail some spray drift.

The Center for Food Safety (CFS) prepared a blistering comment to EPA noting the agency’s extreme disregard for both known biological processes and the unknowns of losing a novel piece of cellular machinery into the wild. According to the CFS, the EUP field trials granted to Greenlight remain incomplete and will not expire until April 30, 2025, yet EPA admits that its approval of Ledprona and Calantha relies solely on data Greenlight submitted with its application for the EUP–whose data requirements are considerably lower than those for new use approvals. FIFRA requires, for example, data on toxicity to fish, birds, and plants. GreenLight has not provided that data so far.

EPA assumes that only organisms that resemble the CPB might be susceptible to Ledprona’s interference with their cellular machinery, yet dismisses even that possibility. The agency’s ERA states that “there is a reasonable expectation of no discernible effects to occur to any non-coleopteran nontarget organisms exposed to Ledprona…EPA analysis also examined the 19 federally listed threatened and endangered (‘listed’) coleopteran species and determined that no exposure is expected for 15 of the 19 federally listed threatened and endangered (‘listed’) coleopteran species from a section 3 registration of Calantha containing Ledprona.” (The CPB belongs to the order Coleoptera, along with 400,000 other beetle species known to science. Many coleopterans provide beneficial services.)

Additionally, EPA says, “Physiological barriers are present within vertebrate species that prevent the dsRNA such as Ledprona from reaching and penetrating the gut in vertebrate species.” Given the unpredictable alignments of the small interfering RNAs in a genome, this too is an iffy assumption. The CFS comment notes that, although EPA has not provided any information to the public about Ledprona’s nucleotide length, that data is an important factor in assessing the product’s potential toxicity. EPA has designated the dsRNA in Ledprona as “non-coding,” which it takes to mean that it would not function in a human body, but, in fact, nobody knows whether or how many such “long, non-coding RNAs” function in many species. What is known, according to CFS, is that human innate immune systems respond to such sequences, which often come from viruses or from the body’s own damaged cells, with inflammation.

We can expect more pesticide products to be based on genetic processes such as RNAi’s regulation of gene expression as farmers and chemical companies get more desperate with each passing report of pests’ ability to evade pesticides. It is unsurprising that the CPB is an early target because it is notorious for its rapid development of resistance. Currently it is resistant to more than 50 pesticides.

In the long run CPB will win. It is already ahead. In 2021, a research team, three of whom are employed by Monsanto, found that CPB “can develop high levels of resistance against insecticidal dsRNA” when the dsRNA is applied to leaves. The study also found that the dsRNA affected more than one gene. Various analyses of CPB’s response to a range of doses led the scientists to conclude that, after a few generations, resistance to dsRNA reached 11,100 times that of the founding generation of beetles. The researchers attributed CPB’s virtuosic ability to resist pesticides partly to the beetle’s highly flexible and transposable genetic elements. This indicates that creating precise and effective products using genetics is fraught with risks. A plain hydrocarbon molecule is understood vastly better than the interplay of the trillions of genes in the world.

Pesticide resistance was first noted in 1914, but the industry still fails to recognize that it cannot bet against the house. To cope with the inevitable triumph of natural selection, pesticide manufacturers are promoting the use of dsRNA products in combination with traditional pesticides, with the idea that their mechanisms of action will alternate and prevent pests from adapting. Combining pesticides with RNA interference can be framed as part of “integrated pest management,” although as a 2018 review in Science noted, the notion that “such combinations will slow [the development of] resistance is theoretically controversial and lacks empirical support.”

Beyond Pesticides chronicled in 2019 the promotion of interfering dsRNA technologies by pesticide companies despite the recognition that their effects on nontarget organisms cannot be predicted.

“With the allowance of gene-manipulating RNAi pesticides, EPA is repeating a pattern of allowing uncertainty that has historically resulted in serious unexpected and uncontrolled hazards, despite the availability of organic practices and products that are currently available,” said Beyond Pesticides’ executive director, Jay Feldman. Mr. Feldman continued: “The agency has failed to fully evaluate the fate of genetic material and its degradation products on nontarget species and the likely potential for indiscriminate poisoning. We are calling for a moratorium on RNAi pesticides until these questions can be fully answered.”

The deadline for public comment on the registration of Ledprona and Calantha has been extended to October 30. Visit here for information about submitting comments and suggested sample wording.

An expert at another federal agency once observed that it is not a good idea to rely on “a conclusion drawn from a consensus” rather than from empirical evidence when making important decisions. In this case, EPA has done exactly that, mistaking suppositions for facts. EPA’s decision rests on a foundation of uncertain assumptions, many of which are implicit in EPA’s evaluation rather than explicitly enumerated, and whose reliability EPA did not examine.

>>Click here to Take Action and tell EPA not to register genetically engineered pesticides without complete data! Please take action by Monday, October 30, 2023 at 11:59 PM Eastern.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Sources:
EPA Opens Public Comment Period on Proposal to Register Novel Pesticide Technology for Potato Crops
https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-opens-public-comment-period-proposal-register-novel-pesticide-technology-potato

Environmental Risk Assessment for a FIFRA Section 3 Registration of the New Product GS2 Formulation (Calantha) Containing Ledprona
https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPP-2021-0271-0006

Human Health Risk Assessment, Review of Product Characterization and Manufacturing Process for the New end-use product, CalanthaHuman Health Risk Assessment, Review of Product Characterization and Manufacturing Process for the New end-use product, Calantha
https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPP-2021-0271-0005

(Beyond Pesticides, October 26, 2023) The increasing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in the United States has raised concerns about the impact of toxic exposures on child development. A comprehensive review by Devon Payne-Sturges, PhD, and colleagues in Environmental Health Perspectives analyzes the literature about disparities in NDDs in vulnerable and marginalized populations. The review investigates over 200 studies and reveals that fewer than half of these studies actually examine disparities, and most fail to provide a rationale for their assessments. The authors also offer practical suggestions for improving future research, including better methods for characterizing race and socioeconomic status and interpreting effect modification in environmental epidemiologic studies of health disparities.

Associate Professor Devon Payne-Sturges, PhD, at the University of Maryland’s School of Public Health, one of the lead authors of the study and a former policy specialist at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said, “FDA and EPA can act now—not later—to protect families from neurotoxic chemicals in consumer products and in the environment.”

Tanya Khemet Taiwo, PhD, the other lead author and assistant professor at Bastyr University in Seattle said, “We need more stringent environmental standards to address pollution that is disproportionately impacting low-income communities and communities of color, but it’s just as important that we find a way to improve the unjust systems and social policies that create harmful conditions in the first place.”

Given the disproportionate toxic burden in the U.S., children from marginalized groups and low-income families are more likely to face a variety of harmful exposures that can negatively affect childhood development. These disparities are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. NDDs are defined as conditions related to the functioning of the nervous system and the brain, including: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, learning difficulties, intellectual disability (cognitive impairment), conduct disorders, cerebral palsy, and challenges related to vision and hearing.

Among the 218 studies written between 1974 and 2022 that were investigated by Dr. Payne-Stuges et al., the following patterns emerged:

• Black and Hispanic children have higher exposure to organophosphate pesticides, commonly used in agriculture.
• Black and Hispanic mothers have elevated levels of phthalates, chemicals found in food packaging, personal care products, and other environmental sources.
• Low-income and Black children have more significant lead exposures compared to their higher-income and white counterparts.
• Communities of color and low-income neighborhoods experience a disproportionate exposure to air pollution.
• Babies residing in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods exposed to air pollution during their first year of life are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with autism compared to those in more affluent areas.

Environmental justice scholars have connected the unequal and disproportionate toxic exposures to discriminatory policies and practices, including racial residential segregation. Despite decades of executive orders addressing environmental justice, the recognition of unequal pollution distribution in historically marginalized communities has recently gained federal research funding through the Justice40 Initiative and other policies. However, there has been a history of commitments that have not played out, as envisioned by its supporters. A U.S. General Accountability Office (GAO) report, Environmental Justice: Federal Efforts Need Better Planning, Coordination, and Methods to Assess Progress (2019), found, “Most of the 16 agencies that are members of the interagency working group on environmental justice—created by Executive Order 12898 in 1994—reported taking some actions to identify and address environmental justice issues, such as creating data tools, developing policies or guidance, and building community capacity through small grants and training.” However, GAO concluded that “…few agencies have measures or methods for assessing progress, and the working group has not provided guidance to help agencies with such assessments.” 

Beyond Pesticides issued an action in 2021 that points to a generation of EPA neglect of farmworker children’s exposure to the neurotoxic insecticide chlorpyrifos. The pesticide and the family of organophosphates, of which it is a part, targets the nervous system in humans. EPA had negotiated a withdrawal from the market of all residential uses of chlorpyrifos in 2000 because of the neurotoxic effect on children, but left the agricultural uses on the market, with a few exceptions. This left farmworker children exposed to chemical drift in their communities and schools, while EPA took no action for nearly two decades. Children are particularly at risk because they take in greater amounts of pesticides relative to their body weight than adults, and their developing organ systems are typically more sensitive to toxic exposures. The agency finally negotiated a withdrawal of agricultural uses in 2022.

The Payne-Sturges et al. review emphasizes the potential shortcomings of relying solely on models of “effect modification” to assess health disparities because it often addresses only one aspect of the problem. Many studies in the review focus on lead and air pollution exposures, which often affect under-resourced communities housing marginalized populations. These communities may face multiple hazardous exposures from sources like high-traffic roads, industrial facilities, deteriorating municipal infrastructure, and substandard housing. Such conditions can have cumulative effects, and historical and continued segregation contributes to repeated toxic exposures. Despite this, most studies in the review assessed these exposures independently.

The review highlights that children continually exposed to known neurotoxic substances often experience delayed diagnoses and barriers to necessary services. Moreover, cognitive impairments and poor academic achievement can exacerbate economic hardship. Consequently, measures of neurodevelopmental delay and impairment might be more effective in assessing the impact on underserved groups.

While many environmental studies consider socio-demographic factors tied to health disparities like race, income, education, and other sociodemographic factors, there is a recent shift toward evaluating NDD factors in collecting data. Yet, solely looking at individual race and ethnicity might not capture the full extent of structural racism. According to the authors, looking at area-based indicators of structural racism, such as unemployment rates, rental percentages, segregation metrics, and police activity frequency, could improve our understanding of racial disparities.

The authors of the study consider the complex paradigms and racist structures underlying the toxic disparities. They note that greater diversity in research teams and collaboration with community members with firsthand experience is vital. The authors stress the importance of stakeholder engagement in interventions and addressing the structural barriers contributing to environmental health disparities. The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment is cited as a potential tool to protect children from hazardous exposures and reduce community exposure through regulation and public health practices.

The review aligns with a history of awareness of the disproportionate exposure to neurotoxic chemicals experienced by children of color and those from low-income families. Ultimately, this research aims to reduce the burden of hazardous exposures on children’s health and promote more equitable protection against neurotoxic chemicals.

You can make a change by eliminating neurotoxic pesticides on your property and working toward the passage of organic land care policies in your community. To get started, see Beyond Pesticides’ Tools for Change webpage. Beyond Pesticides will continue to monitor progress on inequities related to pesticides, agriculture, farmworker well-being, and the health of BIPOC communities in the U.S. For current reporting on matters related to environmental justice, see Beyond Pesticides’ Daily News Blog EJ archives.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Disparities in Toxic Chemical Exposures and Associated Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Scoping Review and Systematic Evidence Map of the Epidemiological Literature, Sweeping UMD Review Finds Deep Disparities in Childhood Exposure to Neurotoxins

(Beyond Pesticides, October 25, 2023) A study published in Environmental Pollution finds farming and organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure are risk factors for depression, with pesticide poisoning being a risk factor for suicidal behavior. Additionally, psychiatric disorder prognosis affects men more than women, with depression and suicidal outcomes more common among pesticide-exposed males. Age also affected depression and suicidal consequences, with elevated rates among older farmers.

Research on pesticide-induced diseases commonly investigates pesticide exposure concerning the development of various physical illnesses. However, previous studies show that occupational (work-related) risks of developing depression are high in agriculture, where pesticide use is widespread. Acute exposure to chemicals, including organophosphate, organochlorine, triazine, and carbamate pesticides, tends to put farmers at elevated risk. More study is needed on pesticide exposure and similar psychological (psychiatric) effects in the general population.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression affects 322 million people globally, with the number of diagnosed patients increasing by 18.4% from 2005 to 2015. Although the etiology of depression—and many other psychiatric disorders—is often genetic, studies suggest that other etiological factors, like pesticide exposure, play a role in depression incidents. Poor mental health has a tangible influence on physical health (e.g., depression and cardiovascular disease); therefore, the combination of pesticide exposure and mental illness worsens the adverse effects on human health.

To investigate the link between chronic occupational exposure to pesticides and depression, anxiety, and suicide-related outcomes in farmers, researchers performed a systematic review to find related studies. The review found 57 total studies meeting the criteria for the investigation: 29 on depression, 12 on suicide, and 14 on pesticide poisoning or self-poisoning and death. Overall, the studies demonstrate a similar pattern; there is an increase in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among pesticide-exposed farmers and an increase in depression in the general population. Individuals who experience past pesticide exposure have an increased risk of depression or other mood disorders comparable with those chronically exposed to pesticides. The more severe and frequent the pesticide poisoning event, the more likely the exposed individual displays depressive symptoms. Concerning the locality of pesticide exposure, individuals working or residing in areas devoted to chemical-intensive practices like agriculture (e.g., farms) display higher suicide rates, with the highest rates among farmers. Thus, the study “suggests more attention to the farmer’s mental health and more detailed studies on occupational exposure to the mixture of these compounds.”

For over two decades, research concerning pesticide exposure and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, focused on occupational hazards, especially for farmworkers. Exposure to agricultural pesticides puts farmers at a six times greater risk of exhibiting depressive symptoms, including chronic anxiety, irritability, restlessness, and sadness. Specifically, exposure to organochlorines (OCPs) and fumigants (gaseous pesticides) heightens an individual’s risk of depression by 90% and 80%, respectively. Organochlorines are chemicals of concern as they can induce a myriad of health problems, including reproductive dysfunction, endocrine disruption, cancer, and fetal defects. Although most organochlorine pesticides have been withdrawn from the U.S. market, these chemicals can still expose individuals to volatile concentrations as they are highly persistent in the environment. However, OCPs are far from the only class of pesticide involved in increased risk of developing mental disorders. Linear models reveal tobacco farmers using organophosphate pesticides have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders.

Although individuals suffering from occupational pesticide exposure face a disproportionate risk of developing depression, pesticide exposure from nearby agricultural fields threatens residential (nonoccupational) human health. Previous studies find that populations living near farms are more likely to have high depressive symptoms. Similarly, a 2019 study found that teens and adolescents living in agricultural areas, where organophosphate exposure is prevalent, are at higher risk of depression. Uniquely, gender (female), physical health, and age (young adult) indicate the likelihood of having depressive symptoms, with the most adverse effects in women, those in poor physical health, and children under 14. 

Pesticides have long been linked to various mental health issues, with this study highlighting specific impacts OPs have on behavioral and cognitive function, indicating the prominent neurotoxic impacts of chemical exposure. Organophosphates are a family of insecticides derived from World War II nerve agents. They are cholinesterase inhibitors, meaning they bind irreversibly to the active site of an essential enzyme for standard nerve impulse transmission, acetylcholine esterase (AchE), inactivating the enzyme. Like this review, past research finds that organophosphates have significant associations with depressive symptom development, including disturbing normal nerve impulses. So, scientists can analyze information to determine if the lack of normal nerve impulses contributes to non-pesticide-induced depression. Additionally, pesticide poisoning can lead to neurotoxicity via low serotonin levels and cholinergic changes, further exacerbated by oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. A decrease in AChE activity has links to higher depression scores observed in individuals with increased suicide risk.

A study published in the WHO Bulletin finds that people storing organophosphate pesticides in their homes are more likely to have suicidal thoughts as the exposure rate is higher. The study finds an association between suicidal thoughts and ease of household pesticide accessibility. Geographic areas with more frequent home storage of pesticides have higher rates of suicidal thoughts than the general population. WHO scientists recognize pesticide self-poisoning as one of the most significant global methods of suicide, as increases in pesticide toxicity make them potentially lethal substances. Robert Stewart, PhD, a researcher for the WHO Bulletin, stated that “Organophosphate pesticides are widely used around the world. They are particularly lethal chemicals in overdose and cause many suicides worldwide.”

Suicide is a public health crisis, and this research highlights the significance of researching potential mental health detriments resulting from pesticide exposure, especially as society tends to rank mental health risks second to physical health. Therefore, understanding the mental health implications associated with chemical-intensive agriculture and pest management can help identify the various physiological mechanisms attributed to psychiatric disorders. Advocates support the call to enact a toxic pesticide ban, with a 

Despite the urgings of public health scientists and professionals, organophosphate insecticides continue to be used in the United States. This and other studies indicate that farmers and those in agricultural communities are at disproportional risk of mental health problems due to pesticide use, in addition to the myriad of neurodevelopmental, reproductive, respiratory, and other health problems individuals risk from exposure to organophosphates. Through our Pesticide Induced Diseases Database (PIDD), Beyond Pesticides tracks the most recent studies related to pesticide exposure. For more information on the multiple harms of pesticides, see PIDD pages on brain and nervous system disorders, endocrine disruption, cancer, and other diseases.

Additionally, buying, growing, and supporting organic can help eliminate the extensive use of pesticides in the environment. Organic contributes to a system that respects the natural environment and stops exposure to toxic pesticides. Still, it also reduces demand for toxic pesticides in areas where farmer suicides are alarmingly high. Coupled with evidence from past studies that link pesticide exposure to suicidal ideations and depression, even in developed countries, this research strongly supports a ban on toxic pesticides in favor of organic practices. Our choices encourage the protection of the people who help put food on our table daily by purchasing organic products. For more information on how organic is the right choice for consumers and the farmworkers that grow our food, see the Beyond Pesticides’ webpage, Health Benefits of Organic Agriculture. 

Lastly, suicide is the tenth leading cause of death among adults (3rd for adolescents) in the U.S., with more than 34,000 individuals succumbing to the disease annually. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are dangerous and harmful and are therefore considered a psychiatric emergency. An individual experiencing these thoughts should seek immediate assistance from a health or mental health care provider. If you or someone you know is in an emergency, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or 911 immediately.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source:  Environmental Pollution

(Beyond Pesticides, October 24, 2023) Sub-Saharan Africa, often celebrated for its rich cultural diversity and stunning landscapes, is also home to a growing crisis beneath its surface – the depletion of its ancient soils. These soils–some of the oldest in the world–have undergone long periods of weathering and erosion, leading to severe nutrient deficiencies. Potassium, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus, vital for crop growth, are notably absent from these soils. Due to this and a dependency on synthetic fertilizers, along with an absence of soil and water conservation programs and other complex issues stemming from poor infrastructure, pervasive government instability, and colonialism, African soils have a markedly decreased ability to sustain high-yielding food crops. As a result, restoring soil health through the nurturing of microbial activity and the natural cycling of nutrients is identified as the number-one priority to improve agricultural productivity and ensure food sovereignty.

While it might seem that African farmers could turn to organic or chemical fertilizers to address soil nutrient deficiencies, the reality is quite different. The high costs associated with these fertilizers make them largely inaccessible to most African farmers. Even though the average fertilizer application rate In Sub-Saharan Africa is 22 kilograms per hectare, significantly lower than the global average of 146 kilograms per hectare, the costs of even this limited fertilizer application are continually rising. A key factor contributing to these soaring costs is that the components required to make fertilizers are priced in U.S. dollars. This means that fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar impact the affordability of fertilizers in other countries. Consequently, African farmers rarely have the means to access the essential nutrients their soils require.

Moreover, over the past several years, the cost issues associated with fertilizer production and importation have been exacerbated. It began with the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted the supply chain and raised transportation costs for fertilizer ingredients, making it less affordable for African farmers. The situation worsened with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which disrupted shipments of critical components for fertilizer production. The resulting sanctions against major gas-producing nations–including Russia–have caused energy prices to rise. For fertilizer production, this meant increased costs associated with the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, which produces synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

Likewise, potash–a crucial source of potassium for fertilizers–was also affected by international conflicts. Belarus, a major supplier of potash, faced restrictions on its sales due to the Russia-Ukraine war. Additionally, Lithuanian restrictions against Belarus’s potash transport have further disrupted the availability of potassium, an essential nutrient for plant growth. 

African farmers deeply feel the consequences of these global disruptions. Fertilizer prices more than doubled, leaving them unable to afford the essential nutrients that are deficient in their soil. They are now faced with the grim reality of harvesting fewer or no crops at all, compounded by the impacts of climate change, from floods to locust invasions, decimating the already precarious crops they manage to grow.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s plight is part of a broader global crisis. The soaring prices and disruption in the fertilizer market have repercussions far beyond the African continent. Farmers in developed countries have benefitted from subsidies that cover the cost of natural gas and diesel fuel needed for farming, affording to plant more and purchase more fertilizer. This widening global disparity in access to fertilizers threatens food security on a massive scale.

With 220 million of the world’s 800 million undernourished people residing in Sub-Saharan Africa, fixing African soils is one of the most pressing issues. As the population in the region is set to double by 2050, there is an urgency for new solutions to alleviate the current situation while pacifying the worsening effects of climate change.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s soils require organic matter to enrich the soil, promote nutrient availability, and support microbial activity. However, many farmers struggle to afford or access sufficient crop residue, compost, or animal manure.

In the face of financial hardship, some farmers have explored methods to enhance soil productivity without relying on fertilizers, a strategy with potential, though not an immediate solution to the food insecurity challenge. Transitioning to organic fertilizers may improve ecological sustainability, but it can take years for crops to reach the yields achieved with synthetic counterparts in depleted soils. While reducing synthetic fertilizer dependency is a promising long-term approach, it is essential to recognize that the immediate needs of millions of people struggling with food scarcity cannot be ignored during the transition to healthy soils.

Some successful methods that do not require synthetic fertilizer usage have fallen under a concept known as “perenniation.” This approach involves growing perennial plants like trees, shrubs, and legumes alongside food crops. These perennial plants provide carbon and nitrogen to the soil, aiding in retaining water, reducing erosion, and improving crop yields. Additionally, they can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and fight off pests.

For example, over 30,000 farmers in East Africa have utilized a “push-pull system,” planting specific perennial plants among corn fields. These plants suppress insect pests and weeds, mitigate erosion, produce animal feed, and reduce the need for fertilizers. 

The utilization of biofertilizers is another promising avenue. Biofertilizers contain helpful microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to aid and improve nutrient availability in soil. Instead of entirely relying on synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, certain bacteria can undergo processes that make these nutrients available to plants. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Bradyrhizobium, Azotobacter, and Rhizobium convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can utilize.

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Rhizobium work by solubilizing phosphate present in the soil but not in a plant-usable form. They enhance the availability of phosphorus to plants. As for potassium, certain microorganisms, including Bacillus and Paenibacillus, are known to release potassium from minerals in the soil, making it more accessible to plants.

These methods may also offer a practical alternative for farmers lacking soil analysis and fertilizer application training. A significant percentage of African farmers struggle to assess their soil conditions accurately due to a lack of training and resources associated with soil testing. Without this understanding, applying fertilizers can have potentially harmful consequences. Many experts argue that adding nutrients to the soil without a prior understanding of its existing composition and the specific needs of the crops is risky. It can disrupt soil chemistry, including pH levels, and harm biodiversity. 

Moreover, the self-sufficiency and farmer sovereignty these natural solutions provide are not only a benefit but a necessity moving forward. The region’s dependence on external sources for food and fertilizer makes it highly vulnerable to global conflicts, like the Russian-Ukrainian war, and volatile international markets. Self-sustaining agriculture bolsters food security and enhances resilience in the face of economic and political instability worldwide.

Therefore, adopting a gradual shift away from synthetic fertilizers would be the pragmatic path forward in Africa and beyond. The harms of synthetic fertilizers are being felt beyond Africa due to the many adverse environmental impacts. Synthetic nitrogen production alone accounts for approximately 1% of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. It is widely acknowledged that synthetic fertilizers are often overused, contributing to environmental challenges.

For more information on how you can take individual action to address these environmental concerns related to synthetic fertilizers, please visit the Beyond Pesticides website, which provides a list of fertilizers compatible with organic landscape management.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Source: The New York Times, Fertilizer Shortage is Spreading Desperate Hunger

(Beyond Pesticides, October 23, 2023) As the immediate threat of a government shutdown has temporarily subsided, concerns are mounting over the potential threats to food safety in the United States if the government shuts down in mid-November. Experts are warning that a shutdown could jeopardize critical food safety inspections and oversight. A partial government shutdown in 2019 disrupted federal oversight of food monitoring for various pathogens and pesticides, as labs were shuttered, with agency employees furloughed. See Beyond Pesticide’s reporting about food safety risks during the last government shutdown. However, it should be noted that residues of pesticides in food continue to raise concerns about safety of food grown in chemical-intensive (conventional) farming operations.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) contingency plans dictate that the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) continue its regulatory inspection of meat, poultry, and egg products, as mandated by law. However, it is important to note that the FSIS will operate with a reduced workforce, with a portion of employees deemed “essential personnel” for food safety operations.

Meanwhile, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), which includes the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is also preparing for a potential shutdown. According to HHS’s contingency plans, the agency expects to furlough about 42% of its workforce, or approximately 35,000 staff, with exemptions given to those involved in activities already funded or deemed necessary for the safety of human life or protection of property.

Despite these measures, experts are expressing concerns about the potential impact on food safety. FDA, responsible for regulating approximately 80 percent of the U.S. food supply, may be hindered in its ability to conduct proactive inspections and respond effectively to foodborne illness outbreaks.

Former FDA Deputy Commissioner Frank Yiannas has cautioned that government shutdowns can pose significant risks to food safety. During the 2018-19 shutdown, essential government services allowed the FDA to address foodborne outbreaks, but it hampered the agency’s ability to carry out essential proactive inspections. Mr. Yiannas elaborated on how shutdowns impact the agency’s operations. He noted that during that time, the classification of “essential government services” enabled the FDA to respond to foodborne outbreaks but prohibited the agency from conducting proactive inspections. Mr. Yiannas said during an interview with Politico, “While we worked hard to try to expand the definition of ‘essential services’ last time to include the inspection of high-risk food facilities, the reality is another shutdown would be extremely disruptive and it would result in a ripple throughout the food system ranging from inspections, food testing, interactions with other regulators, and the necessary interactions and consultation with the food industry at large.”

As the funding deadline approaches, the fate of U.S. food safety remains uncertain, with stakeholders and experts closely monitoring developments in Congress and their potential impact on the nation’s food supply chain. 

The Farm Bill is one major point of contention and stalled negotiations say lead to a shutdown. Many conservatives are saying, “we need to put farms back into the Farm Bill.” However, this shortened “Farm Bill” name leaves out the “food security” history in the bill. The American Farm Bureau is starting to make this rebranding change, by calling it the (Food and) Farm Bill. In 2018, the Farm Bill was called the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018. Originally, as part of the New Deal in 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Agricultural Adjustment Act and it was later called the Soil Conservation Act (1935), the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936), and the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act (1973). Importantly, in 1985, the name was changed to The Food Security Act, which incentivized wetland preservation and prevention of soil erosion. Despite the various names of the Omnibus bill, it was never just a “farm bill,” and over the past several decades, food stamps and SNAP benefits have been integral to the food security of the US and its “Farm Bill.”

However, that is not the end of the story. Under the best of circumstances, the safety of the food supply is under threat of contamination from chemical-intensive practices. 

The complete Pesticide Data Program (PDP) database for 2020 yielded the following results: (Background on the program is available at http://www.ams.usda.gov/pdp.)

• more than 99% of tested samples tested had pesticide residues below the established EPA tolerances; 30% had no detectable residue
• .49% (47 samples) showed residues exceeding established tolerances; of these, 74.5% (35) were domestic, 23.4% (11) were imported, and 2.1% (1) was of unknown origin
• residues with no established tolerance were found in 3.2% (303) of the 9,600 samples; of these, 65.7% (199) were domestic, 33% (100) were imported, and 1.3% (4) were of unknown origin

Organic produce was included in the PDP sampling. In 2020, 7.4% (706) of the tested samples were organic; nearly all organic samples were “zero detects,” but very small numbers of organic items sampled had detectable residues. This contamination can happen in a number of ways, including pesticide drift from conventional to organic fields, migration through soil or water, or infrequently, misrepresentation of treated produce as “organic.” (See more.)

FDA reported in August, 2022 that over half of all food samples tested by the FDA contain the residues of at least one pesticide, and one in ten samples have levels that violate legal limits established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These findings, published by FDA this month in its 2020 Pesticide Residue Monitoring Report, are simply par for the course for government regulators, as FDA indicates the 2020 results “were consistent with recent years.”

Out of 2,078 samples tested, 316 were domestic and 1,762 were from imported food. Of the 316 domestic food samples, 59.2% contained the residue of at least one pesticide, and 3.2% were in violation of EPA pesticide tolerances. Import samples totaled 1,762, of which over 50% contained at least one pesticide residue, and 11.6% were in violation. In general, samples of food imported to the U.S. from other countries appeared to pose a greater risk of containing pesticide residue. Countries documenting the highest number of import violations included Mexico, India, and Pakistan. Among the over 2,000 samples tested, 185 different pesticide residues were detected. (See more.) According to internal FDA communications, granola, cereal, and wheat crackers all contain “a fair amount” of glyphosate, the herbicide in Monsanto’s popular Roundup, linked to cancer by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). FDA did not test for glyphosate at the time that The Guardian uncovered the information. FDA’s website states, “Of the 879 corn, soybean, milk, and egg assignment samples tested for glyphosate and glufosinate, approximately 59% of the corn and soy samples tested positive for residues of glyphosate and/or glufosinate, but all were below the tolerance levels set by the U.S. EPA.” With the history of controversy on glyphosate and EPA’s failure to limit its uses, advocates have called into question the allowable level in food and through nondietary exposure. (Background articles on glyphosate hazards are from here.)

However, while reporting on the dangerous pesticides present in U.S. food has become routine for FDA, more and more Americans are rejecting regular exposure to unnecessary toxics in their food by going organic with their food choices, planting their own pesticide-free gardens, and encouraging their elected officials to embrace safer, sustainable land care policies.  

If you are concerned about the kinds of pesticides could be in your food, how conventional food is grown, and its adverse impact on the ecosystem and farmworkers, you can utilize Beyond Pesticides’ Eating with a Conscience database. The organization evaluates the impact of toxic chemicals allowed for use on individual fruits and vegetables grown domestically and internationally.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Food stamps, free lunch, airplane inspections: What’s hit when the government shuts down

(Beyond Pesticides, October 20, 2023) Comments are due October 22. This action requires use of Regulations.gov. See instructions and proposed comment language that can be copy and pasted by clicking HERE.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) plan to “protect” endangered species, its Draft Herbicide Strategy Framework, continues a legacy of failed risk assessment and mitigation measures that do not meet the moment of looming biodiversity collapse. This is a critical time for the agency to embrace real fundamental change in how it regulates pesticides, recognizing that land management strategies, including in agriculture, exist that are no longer reliant on pesticides. This is not a time to tinker with strategies that EPA admits fall short.

Recognizing that its Pesticide Program has failed to meet its obligation to protect endangered species from registered pesticides, EPA has come up with a strategy to redefine its responsibilities to protect endangered species in its pesticide registration and registration review program. According to EPA, “The proposed Strategy is structured to provide flexibility to growers to choose mitigations that work best for their situation. Additionally, the draft Strategy may require more or less mitigation for growers/pesticide applicators depending on their location.”

Understandably, EPA has taken this approach, finding it virtually impossible to meet the statutory obligations of the Endangered Species Act (ESA)—given the fact that the agency itself admits, “EPA’s Pesticide Program has been unable to keep pace with its ESA workload, resulting not only in inadequate protections for listed species but also successful litigation against the Agency.” And, “Even if EPA completed this work for all of the pesticides that are currently subject to court decisions and/or ongoing litigation, that work would take until the 2040s, and even then, would represent only 5% of EPA’s ESA obligations.”

This action requires use of Regulations.gov. Click on this link. Then write your comments or copy and paste from this post. See copy and paste language. Comments are due October 22.

EPA starts with the position that farmers must use toxic chemicals, an assumption that clouds and undermines the regulatory process and keeps farmers on the pesticide treadmill. EPA says, “Without certain pesticide products, farmers could have trouble growing crops that feed Americans and public health agencies could lack the tools needed to combat insect-borne diseases.” Not true. Organic farmers are not reliant on these pesticides.

EPA recognizes that it needs to fundamentally change. But to EPA, the “fundamental change” means risk mitigation measures that have failed miserably over its history—drift mitigation being one of many key failures. In fact, the fundamental change that is needed is change of agricultural practices that have kept farmers dependent on chemical-intensive practices. Fundamental change requires EPA in every pesticide registration and registration review to ask whether there are practices that can eliminate the harm, not reduce risk with high degrees of uncertainty.

The planet faces an existential biodiversity crisis, with a rising number of species on the brink of extinction. The goal of ESA is to address the broader issue of biodiversity loss by protecting habitats of species most at risk, or, as stated in ESA, to “Provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species, and to take such steps as may be appropriate to achieve the purposes of the treaties and conventions set forth. . .” in the law.

On the contrary, EPA’s language about its proposed changes includes phrases like “draft Strategy may require more or less mitigation for growers/pesticide applicators depending on their location.” That is not a plan to avoid biodiversity collapse.

Pesticide use is a major cause of declining biodiversity, which is manifested in extinctions, endangered species, and species vulnerable to environmental disturbances—including climate change, habitat fragmentation, and toxic chemicals. If EPA is serious about protecting biodiversity, it must look first to the ways it has created the crisis in the first place.

Yet EPA admits the limitations of its own proposal, saying, “The scope of this document is limited to spray drift, aqueous runoff, and runoff of sediment-bound residues (erosion).” Moreover, EPA fails to recognize that the agency does not have toxicological data for key endpoints or health outcomes like endocrine disruption, an effect that can wipe out a species by undermining its ability to reproduce.

Pesticides are a major contributor to the loss of insect biomass and diversity known as the “insect apocalypse,” posing a threat to life on Earth. EPA’s registration of insecticides has always endangered insects, but herbicides destroy the food and habitat of insects. Similarly, pesticides threaten food webs in aquatic and marine environments.

Pesticides threaten frogs and other amphibians in a way that demonstrates the potential to warp the growth and reproduction of all animals. Agricultural intensification, in particular pesticide and fertilizer use, is the leading factor driving declines in bird populations.

Industrial agriculture eliminates habitat—either through outright destruction or through toxic contamination. In much of the U.S., agricultural fields are bare for half the year and support a single plant species for the other half. As opposed to industrial agriculture, organic producers are required to conserve—protect and increase—biodiversity.

In other words, a major reason that species are endangered is that EPA has registered pesticides that harm them. If EPA is to really protect endangered species, it must eliminate the use of toxic pesticides and encourage organic production.

This action requires use of Regulations.gov. Click on this link. Then write your comments or copy and paste from this post. See copy and paste language. Comments are due October 22.

Thank you for your commitment to creating a world free of toxic pesticides!

(Beyond Pesticides, October 19, 2023) The second session of the 40th National Forum, Forging a Future with Nature, will focus on environmental justice and offer a unique conversation with the United Nations Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights and an environmental justice history professional. Both celebrated speakers have studied and written about the long-standing social, economic, and health problems related to pesticides and disproportionate harm to people of color. The Forum will take place at 2:00 pm EDT on Tuesday, October 24, 2023. (See free registration information HERE.)  

Beyond Pesticides brings together this Forum session with the inspiration of the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who wrote in Letter from a Birmingham Jail (1963), “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.” Sixty years later, people of color—in the U.S. and around the world—still struggle with those same inequities that impose disproportionate risks interwoven in the fabric of economic and social systems in the United States and worldwide.

The Forum takes place in the context of widespread toxic chemical exposure throughout communities and all strata of society, but with the recognition that there is disproportionate harm in society to people of color from high-risk occupational exposures (e.g., farmworkers, landscapers, chemical manufacturing), chemical manufacturers’ emissions in fenceline communities, pesticide drift in agricultural communities, and toxic exposure to essential workers, and those with preexisting and multigenerational illness. 

Speakers

Marcos Orellana, PhD
Marcos Orellana, PhD, the Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights, addressed the toxic legacy of severely contaminated indigenous sites at the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (1992), saying, “Highly hazardous pesticides sprayed by the agro-industrial complex and irresponsible Governments. . . .reflect the alienation between humanity and nature.”  Dr. Orellana draws attention to the fact that “toxins are a form of violence against the land and its people,” contrary to the “human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment,” which serves as a guiding principle for the United Nations Human Rights Council. Dr. Orellana’s engagement around the world captures critical truths that are challenges across the globe, such as his statement after a visit to South Africa in September. Dr. Orellana said, “The term ‘environmental racism’ describes institutionalized discrimination based on race or colour. . . Overcoming it will require significant additional efforts, including structural, legislative, economic, and environmental changes.”  

Jayson Maurice Porter, PhD
Dr. Porter wrote in Agrochemicals, Environmental Racism, and Environmental Justice in U.S. History (2022), “Robert Bullard defines environmental racism as any policy or practice that unequally affects or disadvantages individuals, groups or communities based on their race. Vann Newkirk II adds that environmental racism is the opposite of environmental justice and often ignores or belittles input from the affected communities of color.” In “Cotton, Whiteness, and Poisons” (Environmental Humanities, Nov. 2022), coauthor Dr. Porter writes about a U.S. history of “labor exploitation conditioned by racist ideologies” underpinning plantation agriculture. In recognition that dependency on pesticides and fertilizers undermines the economic stability of small farmers, the authors write, “At the Tuskegee Institute’s agricultural experiment station, George Washington Carver recognized that commercial fertilizers were a key source of debt for Black farmers and tenants. He encouraged composting and the use of organic fertilizers found on the farm, writing that ‘many thousands of dollars are being spent every year here in the South for fertilizers that profit the user very little, while Nature’s choicest fertilizer is going to waste.’” 

For more information, click here to access the speakers’ bios and to access resources for the second session of the Forum, including a link to Beyond Pesticides’ coverage of a report by Dr. Porter, “Highlighting the Connection Environmental Racism and the Agricultural Industry Through History.”

In the U.S., environmental justice has been embraced by the White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council and the Justice 40 Initiative, addressing challenges aligned with climate change, legacy pollution, clean water, and wastewater infrastructure. In addition, EPA established a new Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights last year, tasked with “elevating equity concerns to higher levels within the agency.” 

Beyond Pesticides’ 42-year history exemplifies educating activists, educators, policymakers, and the general public on the environmental and equity problems associated with dependency on petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers—it is the role of the National Forum Series to magnify voices with the knowledge and agency to advance solutions—or alternative strategies—in the form of changes in practices and policies. Having witnessed attempts to establish risk reduction measures that allow continued and disproportionate harm, Beyond Pesticides through its program advances the elimination of petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers by 2032 and a shift to organic management of land and the built environment. Beyond Pesticides’ community-based programs show these toxic materials are not necessary for productivity, profitability, and quality of life.

During the first Forum seminar on September 14, internationally renowned researcher and author David Goulson, PhD, professor of biology at the University of Sussex, described the vital role of nature in our collective survival—contributing to the web of life that sustains the rich diversity needed for a healthy planet—while countering the myth of pesticide use as unnecessary in our gardens and urban spaces. André Leu, DSc, the international director of Regeneration International, in turn, offered a strategy by articulating the need for clearly defined and enforceable regenerative, organic land management systems that are critical to meet the challenges of our time, lest we fall victim to empty words and promises that do not advance the urgent changes our livable future requires. Check out the powerfully thought-provoking recording of Dave Goulson, PhD, and André Leu, DSc., now available on the Beyond Pesticides website!

A future supported by the natural environment depends on our collective involvement in decisions in our homes, communities, states, and at the federal level to ensure that we are taking the steps necessary to protect against existential threats to health, biodiversity, and climate. You are part of the solution—Join the conversation and register TODAY!

Click HERE to register for the 40th National Forum, Forging a Future with Nature, on October 24, 2:00-4:00 pm EDT. Sign up here to receive a Zoom link, if you have not already signed up!

Registration is Complimentary: Donations are requested, but not required. Your registration includes access to all three seminars for the fall!

Reach, Influence, Support—We thank our members, supporters, and the following companies for sponsoring Beyond Pesticides’ 40th National Forum Series to bring agents of change—scientists, policymakers, educators, practitioners, advocates, and activists—to elevate the threats and alternative strategies urgently needed to address environmental decline and collapse. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

(Beyond Pesticides, October 18, 2023) A meta-analysis published in Toxics finds an association between exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) and respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). Specifically, wheezing and asthma are the most common respiratory manifestations of OP exposure, while fluctuation in weight and fat/glucose levels are the most common metabolically related manifestations. Organophosphorus pesticides have a wide range of biological uses—from insecticides to flame retardants—that make these chemicals ubiquitous, significantly contributing to ecosystem contamination. Thus, OP compounds have a global distribution, with evaporation and precipitation facilitating long-range atmospheric transport, deposition, and bioaccumulation of hazardous chemicals in the environment. Many studies show OPs are highly toxic, and residues are consistently present in human and animal urine, blood, tissues, and milk. Considering 90 percent of Americans have at least one pesticide compound in their body, primarily stemming from dietary exposure, including food and drinking water, advocates maintain that current restrictions on their use must adequately detect and assess total chemical contaminants. 

This study investigated the effects and possible mechanisms involved in adverse health outcomes associated with OP exposure. Reviewing studies from Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, OVID, and the Cochrane Library, researchers systematically searched for articles on OP exposure and respiratory, DM, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes until 2022. After filtering through relevant analyses, 19 remaining observational studies examined the associations between OP exposure and respiratory diseases, DM, and CVD among the general population or occupational populations. There is also a significant association between OP exposure and DM. However, the study finds little association between OP exposure and CVD, which is not concurrent with other CVD and OP exposure pattern results.

Organophosphate insecticide use is widespread, while industry promotes the chemicals as having greater efficiency and lesser environmental persistence. However, OPs originate from the same compounds as World War II nerve agents, producing adverse effects on the nervous system, endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, fetal defects, neurotoxic damage, and kidney/liver damage. Chemical exposure can cause a buildup of acetylcholine (a chemical neurotransmitter responsible for brain and muscle function), leading to acute impacts, such as uncontrolled, rapid twitching of some muscles, paralyzed breathing, convulsions, and, in extreme cases, death. Compromised nerve impulse transmission can have broad systemic impacts on the function of multiple body systems. In addition to being highly toxic to terrestrial and aquatic organisms, human exposure to organophosphates can induce endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, fetal defects, neurotoxic damage, and kidney/liver damage. Exposure can increase vulnerability to deadly diseases, including COVID-19. Moreover, OPs are one of the leading causes of intentional poisoning globally, as pesticide toxicity makes them potentially lethal substances.

With the aggregate risk standards of pesticides with a common mechanism of toxicity under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been forced to remove from the market residential uses of organophosphate pesticides in order to retain agricultural uses. For example, while the residential use of chlorpyrifos was first taken off the market in 1990, it was not until 2022 that agricultural uses were removed following findings of adverse impacts on children’s brains and court action. Although most OP uses in the U.S. are now agricultural, toxicity experts recommend banning all OPs for agricultural use. EPA and World Health Organization (WHO) consider over 40 OPs that are moderately or highly hazardous to human health. EPA classifies some commonly used OPs like malathion, a popular mosquito control, and tetrachlorvinphos, a common flea and tick killer in pet collars and shampoos, as probable carcinogens. Despite this designation and other notorious toxicological concerns, OPs remain in use across the globe.

Despite the lack of studies in this review providing a link between OPs and CVD, studies outside of this review, in fact, find a link between metabolic-mediated CVD. Overall, OP compounds are immunotoxicants (toxic to the immune system), causing injury and alterations to various cells within the body. Additionally, these compounds lower antibody concentration and reduce autoimmune response to stimuli. The review finds current OPs, including chlorpyrifos and malathion, induce oxidative stress, DNA, and cellular damage in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, OPs can disrupt the homeostasis of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses of cytokine proteins responsible for immune protection. Thus, exposure can increase vulnerability to deadly diseases, including cardiovascular disease.

Concerning diabetes, the study suggests OPs could cause an excessive increase in body weight, impaired leptin (the protein that alerts the brain when there is enough fat stored, playing a role in body weight regulation) production, and fat and glucose dysregulation–all common precursors for diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic disorders. Additionally, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by OPs could also mediate insulin resistance.

This review highlights respiratory diseases as one of OP exposure’s most prominent adverse outcomes. The respiratory system is essential to human survival, regulating gas exchange (oxygen-carbon dioxide) in the body to balance acid and base tissue cells for normal function. However, OPs like chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon can heavily influence the respiratory system as studies link pesticide use and residue to various respiratory illnesses. The compromise of nerve impulse transmission can have broad systemic impacts on the function of multiple body systems. Damage to the respiratory system can cause many issues—from asthma and bronchitis to oxidative stress that triggers the development of extra-respiratory, systemic manifestations like rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. However, as this review demonstrates, the respiratory system is far from the only bodily system affected by chemical exposure. Furthermore, underlying medical conditions (i.e., heart/kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, etc.) heighten risks associated with severe illness from disease. Therefore, the rise in respiratory infections and organophosphate use over the last three decades is highly concerning, especially as research fails to identify an exact cause for the increase in respiratory disease cases.

Replacing dietary exposure to food grown in chemical-intensive agriculture with organic consistently reduces pesticide levels in one’s body. Preventive practices like organic can eliminate exposure to toxic metabolic disrupting pesticides. There is an indication that maintaining lower levels of conventional, synthetic pesticides is likely to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes. In addition to positive impacts on the human microbiome, organically grown food (i.e., milk, meat, strawberries, tomatoes, and a range of other foods) contain a much more diverse bacterial community than their chemically grown counterparts.

Organic agriculture represents a safer, healthier approach to crop production that does not necessitate toxic pesticide use. Beyond Pesticides encourages farmers to embrace and consumers to support regenerative organic practices. A complement to buying organic is contacting various organic farming organizations to learn more about what you can do. Understanding the risk of pesticide exposure in disease development is essential since these chemicals can cause disproportionate health effects on individuals working in occupations like firefighters, farmworkers, and landscapers. With too many diseases in the U.S. associated with pesticide exposure, reducing pesticide use is critical to safeguarding public health and addressing cost burdens for local communities. Policies should enforce stricter pesticide regulations and increase research on the long-term impacts of pesticide exposure. Beyond Pesticides tracks the most recent health studies on pesticide exposure through our Pesticide-Induced Diseases Database (PIDD). This database supports the clear need for strategic action to shift away from pesticide dependency. For more information on the multiple harms of pesticide exposure, see PIDD pages on asthma/respiratory effects,  cardiovascular disease,  diabetes, obesity, and other diseases.

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides.

Source: Toxics

(Beyond Pesticides, October 17, 2023) In the past month, Paris, France has witnessed a surge in bed bug populations. From public transportation to hotels, hostels, and movie theatres, bed bugs are posing a threat to the city’s two million residents and potentially a broader global population as the infestation spreads.  

This resurgence of bed bugs in Paris is not unique. For centuries, these pests have been both adaptable and persistent, presenting an enduring challenge to pest control. However, the current surge in bed bug infestations is not merely a revival of a longstanding problem; it is a complex issue intertwined with the development of resistance to insecticides, mainly through a mechanism known as knockdown resistance. This mechanism, along with three other main resistance mechanisms, has enabled these insects to defy chemical-intensive control methods 

Knockdown resistance is a significant factor contributing to the resistance exhibited by bed bugs to insecticides, especially pyrethroids. The mechanism plays a central role in countering the action of these insecticides, which target the nervous system of bed bugs, causing paralysis and eventual death. Knockdown resistance provides the genetic adaptation that provides bed bug populations with resistance to insecticides. It inhibits the effectiveness of certain insecticides. Bed bugs with the mutation have a genetic advantage that allows them to survive exposure to these chemicals. 

Insecticide has been utilized to quell bed bug populations for over a century, with DDT initially used to combat these pests before the 1950s. By 1956, the effectiveness of DDT in controlling bed bug populations began to diminish, as the insects developed resistance to the once-potent chemical. The repetitive exposure of bed bugs to DDT led to the survival of bed bugs with genetic mutations that allowed them to survive DDT exposure, giving rise to newer generations with the same mutations.  

The banning of DDT in 1972 compelled the United States to turn to organophosphates and, more recently, the commonly used pyrethroids–synthetic insecticides widely used for residential pests. However, there was an unforeseen consequence of DDT resistance: bed bugs with DDT resistance demonstrated resistance to other pesticides, including pyrethroids, even if they had never encountered pyrethroids. This phenomenon, known as cross-resistance, paved the way for a global resurgence of bed bugs and posed challenges for pest control worldwide.  

Knockdown resistance is linked to the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) within a bed bug’s nervous system. These channels serve as conduits for transmitting electrical signals, enabling nerve cells to communicate and control the bug’s movements. Knockdown resistance arises from mutations within the VGSC gene.  

Scientists have identified three specific mutations in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius: V419L, L925I, and 1936F. In modifying the function of sodium channels, these mutations make the insect less responsive to the effects of pyrethroid insecticides. As a result, the nerve cells of resistant bed bugs can continue to function despite exposure to these chemicals.  

Research has revealed that knockdown resistance is prevalent in bed bug populations, particularly those closely linked to human environments. Most bed bug populations associated with human environments exhibit the L925I mutation, which equips them with resistance to pyrethroids.  

This widespread distribution of knockdown resistance raises concerns about the continued use and efficacy of pyrethroids in treating infestations. Bed bugs with knockdown mutations possess the capacity to withstand exposure to insecticides, reducing the effectiveness of these treatments. As a result, infestations persist, inflicting discomfort, economic burdens, and health concerns upon those affected.  

Moreover, the insecticide resistance exhibited by bed bugs extends into other classes of insecticides. The developing resistance of bed bugs to neonicotinoid insecticides raises similar questions about chemical-dependent control strategies for infestations. Research has found that neonicotinoids, once thought by the pest control industry to be the silver bullet solution for bed bug infestations, are losing their efficacy as bed bugs from different regions are becoming resistant to them.  

In a study led by Alvaro Romero, PhD, and Troy Anderson, PhD, bed bugs collected from homes in Cincinnati and Michigan were exposed to four different neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. The study also tested these neonicotinoids on bed bugs that had never been exposed to insecticides.  

They found that bed bugs previously exposed to neonicotinoids show higher levels of resistance to these insecticides. This resistance was elevated when compared to the levels of resistance exhibited by the bed bugs that had never been exposed to the neonicotinoids. It took over a thousand times more acetamiprid to kill half of the bed bug population with prior exposure to neonicotinoids, as opposed to the population that had never been exposed to neonicotinoids. This means the bed bugs in the Michigan and Cincinnati study proved to be hundreds or even thousands of times more resistant to neonicotinoids compared to the lab control group.  

As insecticide usage continues in response to growing issues of invasive species migration and insect infestations, the infestation problem will only grow worse. The situation in Paris is just one example of what is to come if pesticide dependency continues. The best method for handling infestations is by skipping the chemicals and following a defined integrated pest management system that prioritizes ecologically balanced solutions, and only allows organic-compatible products.  

Beyond Pesticides is committed to providing organic pest management solutions—including treatments for bed bugs–that hold health and environment central. If you find yourself dealing with a bed bug infestation, please visit the Beyond Pesticides webpage to access the ManageSafe Database, which offers the least-toxic control of pests. Also see our Bed Bug webpage, Bed Bugs in Public Housing guide, and other resources. 

All unattributed positions and opinions in this piece are those of Beyond Pesticides. 

Source: Ohio State University, Insecticide Resistance Research